Safety and Performance Criteria for Retroreflective Pavement Markers

Retroreflective pavement markers (RPMs) have been used throughout the world since they were patented in the United Kingdom in 1934. Their use was called into question by NCHRP Project 17-28, Pavement Marking Materials and Markers: Safety Impact and Cost Effectiveness, which was completed in 2004, and summarized in NCHRP Research Results Digest 305. The research, using the number of crashes in California by severity per unit of time and distance, produced results that were controversial among many researchers and practitioners: “no statistically significant relationship was found between safety and the retroreflectivity of pavement markings and markers.” While the research limitations have been pointed out in numerous areas, the only conclusion that can be agreed on by all is that more research is needed, particularly, on the interaction between the driver and roadway environment. One effort to address the issue was SHRP 2 Safety Project S08D, Analysis of Naturalistic Driving Study Data: Roadway Departures on Rural Two-Lane Curves (https://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/171254.aspx). The Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) is the largest driving study ever undertaken and has produced unparalleled data from which to study the role of driver performance and behavior in traffic safety and how driver behavior affects the risks of crashes. The NDS data record how drivers really drive and what they are doing behind the wheel. In S08D, NDS and the Roadway Information Database (RID) were used to develop relationships between driver, roadway, and environmental characteristics and risk of a roadway departure on rural two-lane curves on paved roadways. The results of the research, based on driver performance rather than crash analysis, strongly suggest that the use of countermeasures such as RPMs that better delineate the curve may provide better advance information for drivers to perform safely. Research is needed to further analyze the performance of RPMs on driver performance at night, especially by drivers 60 years of age or older, on all roadways.   The objective of this research is to develop a guide for transportation practitioners that describes and evaluates the safety benefits, as shown by driver performance or other methods, of Retroreflective Pavement Markers (RPM), both raised and recessed, for nighttime driving, particularly during wet weather. The guide should address criteria and information for use and placement of RPMs which may include, but not be limited to the following: (1) 2-lane rural, urban multi-lane, limited access, and other roads in urban and rural areas; (2) Tangent and horizontal curve sections; (3) Use of RPMs in conjunction with other types of roadway delineation devices, roadway surface treatments, and lighting and their impacts on driver performance; (4) The visibility needs of drivers, particularly those 60 years of age or older; (5) Various types of RPMs, i.e., recessed, raised, snow-plowable, etc.; and (6) Development of performance measures and minimum RPM performance level.

• Record URL:
  http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3859

Language

• English

Project

• Status: Completed
• Funding: $675000
• Contract Numbers:

  Project 05-21

• Sponsor Organizations:

  Federal Highway Administration

  1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
  Washington, DC  United States  20590

  American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

  444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 225
  Washington, DC  United States  20001

  National Cooperative Highway Research Program

  Transportation Research Board
  500 Fifth Street, NW
  Washington, DC  United States  20001
• Project Managers:

  Rogers, William

• Performing Organizations:

  Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station

  Texas A&M University System
  3135 TAMU
  College Station, TX  United States  77843-3135
• Principal Investigators:

  Carlson, Paul

• Start Date: 20150901
• Expected Completion Date: 20180630
• Actual Completion Date: 20180630
• Source Data: RiP Project 37513

Subject/Index Terms

• TRT Terms: Aged drivers; Driver performance; Highway traffic control; Night visibility; Rain; Raised road markings; Retroreflectivity; Road markings; State departments of transportation; Traffic control devices
• Subject Areas: Highways; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors;

Filing Info

• Accession Number: 01543373
• Record Type: Research project
• Source Agency: Transportation Research Board
• Contract Numbers: Project 05-21
• Files: TRB, RIP
• Created Date: Nov 13 2014 1:01AM