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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Solar Noise Barrier Industry Discovery and Prototyping</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784616</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center (NCCETC) is proposing to support the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) by conducting background research, technical modeling and a prototype implementation plan for implementation of proposed solar noise barriers along to be determined highway corridors in North Carolina. The scope of work provides a framework that outlines a comprehensive, phased approach to evaluate the technical, economic, and regulatory feasibility of integrating solar photovoltaic technology into highway noise barriers. The work will conclude with a project report that documents the findings regarding the energy production modeling, stakeholder and utility engagement, capital and O&M cost analysis, and long-term monitoring considerations to successfully transition from a pilot-scale test to full-scale regional deployment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 11:25:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784616</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Household Vehicle Holdings and Composition: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Body and Fuel Type Choices</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2780206</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Household vehicle ownership is the foundation of personal mobility for the vast majority of American families. The number of vehicles a household owns, and the specific types of vehicles in its fleet, determine how household members access employment, healthcare, education, and services, and directly generate the travel demand that shapes roadway utilization, network performance, and infrastructure needs. Accurately representing how households make vehicle fleet decisions is therefore essential for travel demand forecasting, long-range transportation planning, and the design of policies that support reliable and efficient system operations.

While a substantial body of research has examined vehicle holdings, several important gaps remain. Most existing studies treat vehicle ownership as a single aggregate outcome, failing to jointly model the count of vehicles owned alongside the specific body-type and fuel-type composition of the household fleet. Even studies that examine fleet composition, often using the multiple discrete continuous extreme value (MDCEV) modeling approach (Bhat and Sen, 2006; Augustin et al., 2015; Chakraborty et al., 2023), identify only whether at least one vehicle of each type is present, rather than modeling the count of vehicles in each category. This is a meaningful limitation as many households own more than one vehicle of the same body type, and the specific count in each category has direct implications for household mobility capabilities and system-level demand generation. Further, existing studies do not allow for a direct effect of total fleet size on preferences for specific vehicle types. This is an important consideration because a household adding a second or third vehicle faces a fundamentally different choice context than one purchasing its first, and the body type preferred as a secondary addition to an existing fleet may differ substantially from a household's primary vehicle choice. Failing to account for these factors limits the accuracy of fleet-level demand forecasts and the ability of planners to anticipate how household vehicle availability translates into system demand.

This project addresses these gaps by developing a multivariate ordered-response probit (MORP) framework that jointly models household fleet size alongside the count of vehicles in each of twelve body-type and fuel-type combinations, including six body types (SUV, sedan, pickup truck, compact, minivan, and sports car) and two fuel types (internal combustion engine and electric). A key methodological contribution is the normalization of the likelihood function to ensure that the sum of vehicle counts across all body-type and fuel-type categories equals the total fleet count, eliminating infeasible outcome combinations while enabling direct estimation of the effect of total fleet size on preferences for specific vehicle types. The analysis uses data from the 2024 Transportation Heartbeat of America (THA) survey, a large national sample of households, supplemented with built environment data from the EPA Smart Location Database. The modeling framework also incorporates three latent attitudinal constructs capturing the degree to which individuals prioritize sustainability in transportation decisions, the extent to which safety considerations shape personal travel choices, and the degree to which individuals view vehicles as social signals rather than functional assets. The inclusion of these attitudinal variables reveals the indirect pathways through which household demographics shape vehicle fleet composition, providing specific avenues for policy changes to influences vehicle holdings.

The results will enable metropolitan planning organizations and state DOTs to improve vehicle fleet representation in activity-based travel demand models, replacing aggregate ownership assumptions with behaviorally grounded estimates of]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 10:31:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2780206</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Designing Flexible Vehicle Efficiency Regulations for Light-Duty Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2775563</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving the efficiency of the vehicle fleet and diversifying available vehicle technologies are critical strategies for strengthening transportation system resilience and reducing dependence on imported fuels. One type of public policy to achieve these goals is performance-based regulations, which act upstream in the supply chain by requiring vehicle manufacturers to meet a specified standard across a fleet. A key feature of modern vehicle regulations is the inclusion of flexible design mechanisms that allow manufacturers to choose among multiple compliance pathways. These mechanisms—such as credit trading and banking—are intended to reduce compliance costs and improve policy acceptability. However, despite their widespread use, there is limited systematic understanding of how these design features are defined, their rationale for implementation, and how they influence regulatory outcomes. This project will develop a comprehensive framework for understanding and designing flexible vehicle efficiency regulations. The work will identify flexible design mechanisms embedded in global vehicle efficiency regulations, analyze how different policy design features influence compliance costs and cost distribution across manufacturers, and provide policy-relevant guidance for designing efficient, durable, and adaptable vehicle regulations. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2026 15:23:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2775563</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-Temporal Hierarchical Natural Gas Demand Forecasting Framework for Power Generation Infrastructure: Integrating Variational Mode Decomposition with Deep Learning</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2773376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This seed project focuses on developing accurate, multi-scale prediction of natural gas demand for power generation—at the generator unit, power plant, and aggregated city and state levels. Its importance lies in both technical innovation and strategic national relevance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 16:13:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2773376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SC-10. Planning and Implementation Considerations for Alternative Propulsion Transit Vehicles in Rural Public Transportation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772538</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transportation providers in rural and small urban communities operate under diverse service, funding, infrastructure, workforce, and geographic conditions that influence fleet investment decisions. State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) play a central role in supporting these providers through planning, funding administration, technical assistance, procurement support, and fleet management programs.

Transit agencies are increasingly evaluating alternative propulsion technologies, including battery-electric, hydrogen fuel cell, renewable fuels, compressed natural gas, propane, hybrid-electric, and other emerging vehicle technologies, to meet operational, environmental, and policy objectives. However, each technology presents unique considerations related to vehicle performance, charging or fueling infrastructure, maintenance, workforce training, lifecycle costs, and operational suitability. These considerations may be particularly significant for rural transit providers because of long travel distances, limited utility infrastructure, constrained maintenance resources, and smaller vehicle fleets.

Although many state DOTs and rural transit agencies have begun planning, piloting, or deploying alternative propulsion vehicles, their experiences have not been systematically documented. A synthesis of current practice would provide state DOTs and rural transit providers with practical information on planning approaches, implementation strategies, operational experiences, and lessons learned to support informed fleet transition decisions.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this synthesis is to document current practices used by state DOTs and rural public transportation providers to plan, implement, and support alternative propulsion transit vehicles. The synthesis should identify planning approaches, implementation strategies, operational experiences. This synthesis would provide state DOTs with current practices for the adoption and evaluation of future fleets for rural transit.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 08:35:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772538</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Data Center Impacts on Airports</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports are experiencing increasing electrical demand from airport electrification, artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled operations, and future electric aircraft while also facing growing interest in data center development on or near airport property. Data center development may affect airport electrical capacity, utility planning, land use, water use, environmental considerations, and airport operations as a result of cooling-system plumes. Airport operators are increasingly being asked to evaluate proposed data center developments but have limited guidance to help assess potential impacts or respond to developers and local governments. Existing research addresses some aspects of competing utility demands, but airports continue to seek practical information on the broader impacts of data centers.

The objective of this research is to develop planning frameworks and guidance that help airports understand and evaluate the impacts of data center development while coordinating with utilities, regulators, developers, and other stakeholders. The project will begin with a First Look to provide timely information for airport operators on issues that should be considered when evaluating proposed data center developments. Based on information gathered during the First Look process, the project will identify potential follow-on research needed to address technical issues associated with data centers and airport operations, including planning, utility coordination, operational impacts, potential mitigation measures, and legal considerations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 08:32:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cost Recovery for New Entrant Aircraft Technologies</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As new entrant aircraft technologies begin to emerge, airports face new questions regarding how to recover the costs associated with supporting these operations. Many airports currently recover a portion of their operating costs through fuel flowage fees, but alternative propulsion technologies, including electric, hydrogen, and hybrid aircraft, may require different cost recovery approaches. Airports also need to consider costs associated with infrastructure, charging or fueling systems, lease agreements, and other facilities and services needed to support these aircraft. Research is needed to identify practical and equitable approaches that airports can use to recover costs associated with supporting new entrant aircraft technologies as aircraft propulsion systems and related infrastructure needs evolve.

The objective of this research is to develop guidance on cost recovery approaches for new entrant aircraft technologies. The research should examine cost recovery mechanisms for alternative propulsion technologies, including electric, hydrogen, and hybrid aircraft, and address airport approaches to recovering costs associated with infrastructure, charging or fueling systems, lease agreements, facilities, and other services needed to support these aircraft. The resulting guidance should provide airports with practical approaches that can be adapted to different airport operating environments and emerging aircraft technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 08:27:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772541</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airport Electrification Readiness Planning</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772547</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports are preparing for increasing electrification needs driven by Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), electric vehicles, electric ground support equipment, charging infrastructure, and other evolving airport operations. Airports of all sizes face challenges related to electrical capacity, utility coordination, grid constraints, and planning phased infrastructure investments, while guidance on airport electrification planning remains limited. Airport sponsors currently lack practical guidance for assessing electrical readiness, coordinating with utilities, and integrating electrification planning into broader airport utility planning processes. Research is needed to address these gaps and provide airport-focused approaches for planning phased electrification infrastructure investments while complementing related federal research efforts and preventing duplication.

The objective of this research is to develop practical, airport-focused planning guidance that enables airport sponsors to assess, plan, and phase electrification infrastructure to support Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) operations within a broader airport electrification framework. Research should develop scalable planning frameworks, readiness assessment tools, decision-support guidance, utility coordination templates, phased investment strategies, and other planning resources that enable airports to align electrification investments with utility constraints, infrastructure capacity, projected operational demand, and long-term airport utility planning across a range of airport types. The guidance should support the airport electrification master plans that incorporate AAM as one element of a comprehensive airport utility planning approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 16:55:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772547</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MOVES-Matrix 5.0 for High-performance On-road Fuel and Running Mass Rate Modeling</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2718240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), produces fuel use rates for use at almost any scale from on-road mobile sources and nonroad sources in the United States. Integrating high-resolution on-road vehicle activity data with appropriate MOVES fuel use rates supports robust assessment of transportation operations and planning strategies related to economic savings associated with congestion reduction. However, the MOVES interface is complicated, and the number of required individual model runs make it difficult to assess regional transportation networks and to undertake dynamic analyses of large-scale systems. In prior research efforts, this National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST) research team developed MOVES-Matrix 2014b, MOVES-Matrix 3.0, and MOVES-Matrix 4.0, by iterating the MOVES model through the comprehensive sets of potential input variables. Users can query fuel use and running mass rates for any modeling scenario from the MOVES-Matrix 9-billion-cell matrix, without ever having to run the MOVES model. This allows analysts to perform modeling runs about 200x faster than using MOVES directly (and there is no longer a need to develop MOVES input files for any scenario analysis, saving additional time and resources).


In the first stage of MOVES-Matrix 5.0 development, the team will develop MOVES 5.0 fuel use and running mass rates by performing 146,853 MOVES 5.0 model runs (across all input variable combinations) on a supercomputing cluster and will populate matrices for Atlanta (Fulton County, Georgia), for the Fulton County fuel specification and inspection and maintenance program settings. In this project, the team is adapting MOVES 5.0 for cross-platform use on PACE supercomputing clusters (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9, RHEL9) without requiring root access by manually configuring MOVES 5.0 and its dependencies (e.g., MariaDB, Java, and Go) in a user-space, self-contained setup and extracted the pollutant and energy rate outputs of Atlanta, Georgia (Fulton County). As with prior versions of MOVES-Matrix, the team will perform synthetic case studies to verify that MOVES-Matrix replicates the exact same results as using MOVES directly (to ensure validity for use in regulatory analysis). In this first-year effort, the matrices will be developed for the state of Georgia, with planned expansion to Texas and Vermont in the second half of the project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 16:23:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2718240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPR-5007: Performance Evaluation and Development of Cost-Effective DWPT Pavements</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2709428</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The proposed research work will address key questions that remain among policymakers, fleet operators, investors, and vehicle manufacturers regarding the cost, performance, and viability of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT) technologies. This effort will lay the groundwork for formalizing largescale public-private partnerships necessary to support the deployment of multi-mile DWPT corridors at both interstate and intrastate levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2026 13:25:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2709428</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transportation Corridor Fuel Consumption Calculator (TCFCC) Version 5.0</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2692310</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Transportation Corridor Fuel Consumption Calculator (TCFCC) updates and enhances Georgia Tech’s 2018 spreadsheet-based modeling tool (http://fec.ce.gatech.edu/) that allows users to assess on-road fuel consumption under real-world traffic conditions. The team will incorporate the latest fuel use rates from the MOVES 5.0 model (2025) and extend the capabilities of the previous FEC to allow users to specify any one of more than 60 standard laboratory driving cycles that best represent corridor traffic congestion, and to incorporate any monitored or modeled second-by-second driving trace. Users specify fleet and model year composition, and the tool models corridor-level fuel consumption as a function of congestion. Hence, the tool allows users to assess the consumer fuel savings and cost savings of proposed congestion mitigation strategies that provide smooth traffic flow. The tool is directly applicable to the assessment of traffic signal coordination, ramp metering, express lane operations, etc. The research team will update the model to incorporate MOVES 5.0 model outputs, extend calendar year coverage to 2060, and introduce 40+ new driving cycles that are representative of urban, suburban, and freeway corridors. The project will deliver separate calculator spreadsheets for light-duty passenger cars, heavy-duty trucks, and express buses, each calibrated for mode-specific load factors and driving patterns. A new second-by-second fuel-use worksheet will allow users to input their own driving cycles for detailed vehicle-specific analysis. By focusing on fuel consumption, the project provides a technically neutral and performance-based approach for evaluating corridor operations and fleet technologies. The center will release the TCFCC as open source, encouraging further development and integration with travel demand and simulation models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 12:07:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2692310</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Foundations in Energy Systems for Transportation Certificate</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2691662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project supports the transformation of transportation systems through changes in energy systems management by preparing a managerial workforce with knowledge in both energy systems management and transportation systems management. A transformed transport system will run on both existing and new energy systems. As a result, effective management of the transport system will depend upon a workforce that also has foundational knowledge in traditional and emerging energy systems. This includes knowledge of energy sources, basic economics, and the regulatory and policy environment that either supports or hinders development of those systems. This project plans to develop a certificate program that introduces case studies focused on planned or in-process energy systems case studies within public transit, supply chain logistics, personal vehicle traffic, and active transportation that draw from Center for International Trade and Transportation (CITT) expertise and guest speakers from industry leaders in its network. The certificate and corresponding curriculum development are informed by an assessment of workforce needs related to freight and transit sectors and related energy systems. The needs assessment includes both surveys and focus group meetings and will provide insights into workforce needs related to freight and transit sectors and related energy systems. Following the survey completion, the CITT team will organize focus groups to discuss the survey results and form the Curriculum Advisory Board. Concurrently, the CITT team, in conjunction with the Curriculum Advisory Board, will conduct outreach to form a pilot cohort for the first iteration of the certificate program. Module 1 of the program would provide a general overview of: energy systems foundations; including fuel types; infrastructure priorities; economic development; project lifecycle management; data needs; policy and regulatory requirements; and workforce development. Module 2 would provide modal focuses on freight and transit. For the capstone project, participants will work in groups to address a topic within the modal focus chosen in Module 2, which will be presented as the final step of the program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 12 Apr 2026 23:19:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2691662</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comprehensive Modeling and Analysis of Energy Options for the US Trucking Freight
Transportation: Stakeholder Behavior, Infrastructure Planning, and Local Impacts (Phase 2)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2684211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Truck transportation is a vital component of the nation's economy, ensuring the efficient movement of goods across vast distances. Current energy policies emphasize unleashing domestic energy resources and streamlining regulatory frameworks to bolster economic growth and strengthen national security. Exploring all energy options for the trucking industry aligns with these objectives by potentially reducing logistics costs, enhancing national energy dominance, and supporting job creation within the transportation and energy sectors. To this end, a mixed-method approach will be employed to characterize and understand different energy options for the United States trucking freight sector. More specifically, this project investigates 1) stakeholder behavior in the adoption of different energy options in the US trucking sector; 2) national-level infrastructure planning and economic analysis for trucking energy production and distribution, and system evolution dynamics; and 3) local impacts of the adoption of different energy options by the US trucking sector. This project dovetails with the Center for Freight Transportation for Efficient and Resilient Supply Chain (FERSC) goal of maintaining the US economic competitiveness and security.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 17:33:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2684211</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advancing Rural Mobility through Innovative Charging Solutions</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2677557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric vehicle (EV) ownership in the United States is growing. Since EVs have emerged as an additional mobility option available in the market, their proliferation requires charging infrastructure to support the growing number on EVs on the national highway system. While many EV owners predominantly charge their vehicles at home, EV fast chargers are needed to provide support for efficient long distance and interstate travel. The advent of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) in rural areas has the potential to address long-standing challenges related to accessibility, connectivity, and service delivery using electric vertical take-off and landing [eVTOL] aircraft and drones. These mobility solutions also require charging infrastructure to enable their deployment.      

Development of new fast charging stations has been delayed by the need to connect the charging stations to the electric grid. Microgrids, which are small, local power grids that use locally sourced energy to supply electricity within that microgrid, provide an opportunity to provide needed energy without the need to connect to the electric grid. These solutions are preferable in areas where interconnection with the electric grid would be not feasible, not timely, or cost prohibitive, including rural areas. This project would investigate and evaluate microgrids and storage for EV charging solutions that allow for long-distance EV mobility, laying the groundwork for further research  and implementation to enable efficient mobility of electric vehicles across the US.  The project will also address non-traditional charging applications (beyond on-road vehicle charging) to address potential charging solutions for AAM operations in rural areas.     ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 13:49:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2677557</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Efficiency of Rural Transit Systems</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2652175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rural transit agencies face unique challenges in optimizing energy efficiency due to dispersed service areas, lower ridership, and diverse vehicle fleets. Unlike urban transit systems, these agencies often lack access to tools that assess energy consumption and evaluate operational strategies effectively. This study aims to bridge this gap by developing a user-friendly lifecycle energy consumption calculator tailored to rural transit operators and applying the Mobility Energy Productivity (MEP) metric to assess the efficiency of different transit strategies.  
 
The research will involve a comprehensive literature review, development of a lifecycle energy consumption framework, adaptation of the MEP model to rural transit conditions, and case studies with selected rural transit agencies. These case studies will test the tools, gather real-world data, and evaluate various fleet configurations and operational strategies. Findings will inform best practices and provide actionable recommendations for rural transit agencies to optimize energy use while maintaining or improving accessibility for residents.  
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2026 15:33:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2652175</guid>
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