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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Fare-Free Futures: The Diffusion of Youth Fare-Free Transit Programs in the U.S.</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784731</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Youth and student populations represent a critical but underexamined segment for long-term public transit ridership growth in the United States. In response, transit agencies have started offering free or reduced fare programs for youth as a strategy to increase ridership and reduce transportation costs. However, there is currently no comprehensive, national-level understanding of how and why these programs are being adopted, nor what organizational and structural factors enable or constrain their implementation. This project evaluates the adoption and diffusion of youth fare-free programs across U.S. transit agencies. The research team will identify agencies across rural, suburban, and urban areas, determine their program status, and distribute surveys to a stratified sample to examine factors such as funding, staffing capacity, political support, and institutional readiness. The research team will analyze these data to understand what enables or constrains adoption across stages of implementation. The expected results include a clearer understanding of adoption patterns, key drivers and barriers, and conditions that support program success. Findings will inform transit agencies and policymakers by supporting more consistent evaluation practices and guiding future policy and funding strategies. More broadly, this project will support efforts to improve system performance, increase ridership, and expand access to transportation for youth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2026 13:28:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784731</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Quantifying the Impacts of UTA's Frequent Transit Network on Congestion, Safety, and Mode Shift</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Optimize the Frequent Transit Network (FTN) through a comprehensive, data-driven evaluation of its impact on regional transportation dynamics and inform future transportation planning decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 18:16:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784728</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How is Utah Doing with Transit Performance?</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784725</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Evaluate Utah transit performance to understand the current state of the transit system, assess how effectively it serves the population statewide, and support decisions on future improvements and investments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 17:28:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784725</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Impact of Light Rail in Utah - A Before-and-After Study</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Measure the impact of light rail (TRAX) by estimating changes in land use that took place within TRAX corridor between two years before the line opened and 10 years after and identify all new multifamily and commercial projects built in that period. In addition, use Salt Lake County Tax Assessors valuations to assess the value of this new development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 17:12:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2784724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of Positive Train Control</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2780472</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Positive train control (PTC) is an advanced rail safety technology designed to mitigate human error and improve operational safety. It reduces the risk of accidents by preventing or reducing train-to-train collisions, overspeed derailments, improperly lined switches, and unauthorized incursion into work zones. Public transportation agencies that operate commuter and intercity passenger rail services have been required to have PTC installed since 2020. To meet this deadline, agencies had to invest immense resources into new infrastructure and specially trained staff to develop and test the system. 

While PTC implementation has been extensively documented, less is known about its long-term operational impacts, realized safety benefits, and opportunities for leveraging PTC investments beyond regulatory compliance. Now that agencies have been operating with PTC for several years, research is needed to examine and document how PTC has affected passenger rail safety and how PTC-related infrastructure, data, and workforce capabilities can be leveraged to further enhance safety, security, and operational performance.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to document and quantify the safety, operational, and organizational impacts of PTC on passenger rail operations subject to the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, and to identify lessons learned, current practices, and benefits realized beyond statutory and regulatory minimum requirements.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 18:03:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2780472</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Public Transit Automation and the Future of Service Delivery: Scenario Planning for Operations and Workforce Readiness</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2780207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transit agencies are beginning to confront a new generation of automation technologies that will almost certainly alter how service is planned, operated, staffed, and delivered. These technologies include fully automated transit vehicles as well as nearer-term applications in scheduling, dispatching, maintenance, customer information, and operations management. In this project, the research team will examine how transit automation could reshape the relationship between agency operating costs, service quality, and workforce needs. Labor is one of the largest components of transit operating costs; if automation eventually reduces the marginal cost of service delivery, agencies may be able to consider service models that are difficult to sustain today, including much higher frequencies, longer service spans, more extensive feeder service, and more responsive off-peak operations. At the same time, automation could significantly alter job tasks, training requirements, safety responsibilities, staffing models, and long-term employment opportunities.

The research will combine a national practice review, approximately 20–25 semi-structured interviews, at least two focus groups, and scenario planning. Participants will include transit agency staff, labor representatives, riders, advocates, researchers, consultants, technology developers and vendors, and national transit organizations such as the American Public Transportation Association (APTA). The work will identify opportunities and risks associated with automation, including potential changes in service frequency, service span, responsiveness, job tasks, training, staffing, safety oversight, procurement, and public communication. It will culminate in a scenario matrix and Automation Workforce Readiness Checklist that help agencies assess automation before pilot testing or deployment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 10:34:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2780207</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advancing Accessible Bus Transit: Human-Machine Interfaces for Inclusive Communication and Safe Boarding of Passengers with Disabilities</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2778268</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research focuses on co-designing and testing innovative rider communication tools to enable passengers with disabilities to effectively signal their intent to board public bus transit. People with disabilities often face challenges in visually or physically signaling their needs at bus stops, leading to missed rides, inadequate assistance, and reduced confidence in transit systems. By developing human-machine interfaces (HMIs) that facilitate clear communication between riders and drivers, this project aims to improve access to public transit.

Inspired by advancements in V2X communication, the U.S. Department of Transportation has demonstrated the potential of rider-to-vehicle communication through initiatives like the Integrated Dynamic Transit Operation System (IDTO) (Meng et al. 2018). In this system, riders could use an app to request connection protection, relayed to drivers via dispatchers, reducing wait times at transfer points by an average of seven minutes. Similar systems, such as flex-routing, allow riders to request pickups near fixed routes, addressing access in rural areas (e.g., Skagit Transit). While these approaches demonstrate the value of pre-trip communication, they primarily target specific scenarios and do not fully address the needs of passengers with disabilities, particularly those who cannot visually discern approaching buses or signal drivers effectively (Greer et al. 2014, Steinfeld et al. 2019).

To address these gaps, the research team will conduct participatory design workshops with transit riders, drivers, and advocacy groups to guide the creation of rider communication systems. These workshops will provide collaborative spaces for sharing experiences, identifying unmet needs, and developing solutions through activities like brainstorming, low-fidelity prototyping, and role-playing real-world scenarios. Insights from these sessions will inform functional prototypes, such as mobile apps or physical interfaces at bus stops. Simulated experiments will evaluate the impact of these tools on driver workload, operational safety, and rider satisfaction. These experiments will also assess how HMIs help drivers assist passengers while minimizing distractions and maintaining safety standards. For example, the team will analyze how notifications via mobile apps or visual indicators at bus stops can aid drivers in identifying and assisting riders while avoiding information overload that could compromise situational awareness. Additionally, by accounting for various scenarios—such as varying weather conditions, crowded bus stops, and different disabilities—the tools will aim to address real-world challenges. The team will also evaluate the timing and content of communications to optimize their effectiveness for drivers and riders alike.

This participatory approach seeks to create communication systems that reduce barriers to mobility for passengers with disabilities, ensuring access to public transit. This research contributes to the broader goal of building safer transit systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 10:09:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2778268</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Monitoring of Urban Roadway Safety Hazards from Existing Bus-based Video Imagery: Phase 3</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2778234</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic safety is diminished by drivers’ changing lanes in queued traffic and mixes of pedestrians and vulnerable vehicles (scooters, bikes, and motorcycles) with large vehicles in the traffic stream. Assessing locations with these recurring but dynamic hazardous conditions requires extensive and ongoing monitoring. Traditional monitoring methods rely on sensors at permanent or temporary fixed locations, which is costly, labor intensive, and provides limited spatial coverage. Moreover, the location of these sensors may be influenced by factors other than optimal sampling, such as requests from well-organized constituencies. Therefore, traditional monitoring of hazards could miss high-risk conditions resulting in decreased safety.

Transit buses operate regularly over wide networks, and most bus fleets are already equipped with cameras that record the environment inside and outside buses for liability, security, and safety purposes. Consequently, the imagery is available for other uses at low marginal cost. Coupling the available imagery with the extensive spatial and repeated temporal coverage of transit fleets has been shown by the principal investigators (PIs) to be effective in monitoring traffic volumes across space and time. In the phase 1 project, the PIs investigated the use of available imagery recorded by cameras mounted on transit buses in regular operation to identify hazardous locations associated with recurrent vehicle queuing on urban streets. The phase 2 project is building on the phase 1 investigations by identifying locations with recurring noticeable volumes of vulnerable vehicles to serve as indications of hazardous conditions.

The disparity in size and weight between large vehicles and pedestrians and vulnerable vehicles contributes to the increased risk of accident occurrences that lead to serious injuries and fatalities. A deployment partner commented that near misses of such interactions “happen all the time.” Similarly, and as was recently highlighted in The Economist Sept 7, 2024 issue titled “America’s killer cars”, the increasing size and weight of passenger vehicles is leading to an exponentially increasing risk of injuries to and fatalities of pedestrians and passengers of vulnerable vehicles. Therefore, identifying locations on the roadways where such risks are relatively high is critical to informing mitigation efforts. The proposed phase 3 of the study focuses on this identification. The representative quoted above also noted: “We don’t record near misses, so we don’t have any documentation but [they are] frequent”, thus clearly highlighting the need. Therefore, phase 3 builds on phase 2 by considering the presence of near misses between pedestrians or vulnerable vehicles and large vehicles to investigate the potential of using bus imagery to identify locations of recurring high-risk combinations of these elements.

The Ohio State University (OSU) campus will again be used as a living lab. The size and diversity of land uses make the campus representative of urban areas, and the close and ongoing collaboration with OSU’s Transportation and Traffic Management, the deployment partner and contributor to the success of the OSU campus transportation living lab, offers insights on safety concerns and the practical validations of the developing safety monitoring scheme. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2026 17:08:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2778234</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of A Testbed for Automated Emergency Braking (AEB)
Technology for Buses</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2692309</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Department of Transportation’s proposed mandate for Automated Emergency Braking (AEB) systems on heavy vehicles highlights a critical need for research to support safe and effective implementation—particularly for transit buses operating in dense urban environments. While AEB technologies are increasingly available, there is limited research infrastructure to support the evaluation of their real-world performance, especially under the complex and dynamic conditions faced by buses. 

This project proposes the design and planning of an AEB testbed at Rutgers University to fill this gap. The testbed will simulate key operational scenarios such as pedestrian crossings, mixed-traffic conditions, and varying road and weather environments. The platform will support both OEM-installed and retrofitted AEB systems, enabling systematic evaluation of braking performance, sensor reliability, and system limitations. This research provides an important step toward the development of critical infrastructure to support the research and implementation of AEB technology for improved transit safety.   ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2026 08:41:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2692309</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Update of ACRP Report 4: Ground Access to Airports by Public Transportation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772536</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airport operators continue to strengthen public transportation access for passengers and employees to enhance customer experience, support regional mobility goals, expand access to airport employment opportunities, reduce roadway congestion, and improve the environmental performance of the transportation system. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) has produced several reports documenting strategies for improving public transportation access to airports, including ACRP Report 4 and related Cooperative Research Program publications. Since these reports were published, the transportation landscape has evolved with the emergence of transportation network companies and shared micromobility services, advancements in autonomous vehicle technologies, expanded rail connections at many U.S. airports, and new approaches to data collection and analysis. In addition, current airport transit ridership and passenger and employee mode share data are needed to support benchmarking, planning, and decision-making. Research is needed to update the existing body of knowledge, document current practices and emerging approaches, and compile current airport transit ridership and passenger and employee mode share data. The objective of this research is to update the strategies and information contained in ACRP Report 4 and related Cooperative Research Program reports, with a focus on airport passenger and employee mode shares and bus and rail transit ridership. The research should document current transit strategies, practices, and lessons learned; examine relevant changes and emerging approaches in airport ground access; and compile and analyze current airport transit ridership and passenger and employee mode share data using current survey methods and other available data sources. The resulting guidance should address airports of varying sizes and operating environments and be designed for use by airport planners and operators, transit agencies, regional planners, and other stakeholders involved in improving public transportation access to airports.  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 08:39:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772536</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SC-10. Planning and Implementation Considerations for Alternative Propulsion Transit Vehicles in Rural Public Transportation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772538</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transportation providers in rural and small urban communities operate under diverse service, funding, infrastructure, workforce, and geographic conditions that influence fleet investment decisions. State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) play a central role in supporting these providers through planning, funding administration, technical assistance, procurement support, and fleet management programs.

Transit agencies are increasingly evaluating alternative propulsion technologies, including battery-electric, hydrogen fuel cell, renewable fuels, compressed natural gas, propane, hybrid-electric, and other emerging vehicle technologies, to meet operational, environmental, and policy objectives. However, each technology presents unique considerations related to vehicle performance, charging or fueling infrastructure, maintenance, workforce training, lifecycle costs, and operational suitability. These considerations may be particularly significant for rural transit providers because of long travel distances, limited utility infrastructure, constrained maintenance resources, and smaller vehicle fleets.

Although many state DOTs and rural transit agencies have begun planning, piloting, or deploying alternative propulsion vehicles, their experiences have not been systematically documented. A synthesis of current practice would provide state DOTs and rural transit providers with practical information on planning approaches, implementation strategies, operational experiences, and lessons learned to support informed fleet transition decisions.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this synthesis is to document current practices used by state DOTs and rural public transportation providers to plan, implement, and support alternative propulsion transit vehicles. The synthesis should identify planning approaches, implementation strategies, operational experiences. This synthesis would provide state DOTs with current practices for the adoption and evaluation of future fleets for rural transit.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2026 08:35:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772538</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SA-68. System Reliability – Documenting Variations in On-Time Performance and Service Consistency Metrics</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772544</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Preliminary Scope
 
Background
System reliability is a fundamental determinant of customer satisfaction and confidence in public transportation. Transit agencies routinely monitor and report measures such as on-time performance (OTP), schedule adherence, service consistency, and missed or canceled trips to assess operational performance and communicate service quality.
Although reliability is a widely reported performance measure, transit agencies use varying definitions, thresholds, methodologies, and reporting practices. Differences in how agencies define and measure OTP, service reliability, and missed trips make it difficult to compare performance across systems, benchmark results, or communicate performance consistently to customers, policymakers, and funding partners. A synthesis is appropriate because most transit agencies collect and report reliability data, yet no comprehensive resource documents the range of current practices or identifies common approaches that could inform greater consistency across the industry.
Objective
The objective of this synthesis is to document current transit agency practices for defining, measuring, and reporting system reliability. This synthesis would provide the first comprehensive documentation of how U.S. transit agencies define, measure, and communicate system reliability, enabling agencies to benchmark their practices.
Information to Be Gathered
At a minimum, the synthesis should gather information on:

Definitions of OTP, schedule adherence, service reliability, and service consistency, including threshold values used for different modes and service types.

Metrics and definitions used to measure missed, canceled, dropped, or partially completed trips.

Performance measures used to evaluate reliability, including customer-focused and operational metrics.

Data sources, technologies, and analytical methods used to monitor and report reliability.

Challenges associated with measuring, interpreting, and comparing reliability across different operating environments and service types. 


Tasks
Information shall be gathered through:

Literature review

Survey of public transit agencies, with follow-up interviews as appropriate

Case examples illustrating a range of agency practices

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 17:21:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772544</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SG-23. Data-Driven Approaches for Optimizing Transit Parts Procurement, Lead Time Risk, and Critical Spare Parts Planning</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit agencies depend on the timely availability of spare parts to maintain fleet reliability, minimize vehicle downtime, and sustain safe and efficient service. Agencies employ a variety of approaches to procure, stock, and manage spare parts inventories; however, practices vary considerably based on fleet composition, agency size, operating environment, warehouse capacity, staffing resources, and supplier relationships.

In recent years, transit agencies have experienced increasing challenges associated with extended supplier lead times, supply chain disruptions, parts obsolescence, and limited availability of critical vehicle components. At the same time, agencies are making greater use of maintenance management systems, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, inventory management software, vehicle diagnostic data, asset management programs, and other operational data to improve procurement and inventory decision-making.

Although many agencies have developed innovative practices to address these challenges, there has been limited documentation of current industry approaches for managing spare parts inventories, mitigating supply chain risks, identifying critical spare parts, and using data to support procurement decisions. A synthesis would provide transit agencies with a comprehensive understanding of current practices, emerging approaches, and lessons learned across the industry.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this synthesis is to document current practices used by transit agencies to optimize spare parts procurement, inventory management, supplier lead time risk, and critical spare parts planning. The synthesis should identify how agencies use data, technology, and operational practices to improve parts availability, reduce vehicle downtime, and support reliable transit service.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 17:16:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772554</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SG-22. Inter-Jurisdictional Approaches to Cost Sharing for Regional Transit Services</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772555</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Preliminary Scope
 
Background
Many transit agencies provide regional transit services that extend across municipal, county, and/or state boundaries. These services often rely on financial contributions from multiple funding partners, including local and state governments, metropolitan planning organizations, human services agencies, healthcare organizations, tribal governments, educational institutions, and other public or private entities.
Establishing transparent cost-sharing arrangements is essential to sustaining regional transit service. Transit agencies use a variety of approaches to allocate costs among funding partners, including service-based measures (e.g., revenue miles or hours), ridership, passenger origins and destinations, population served, geographic coverage, and other measures of service benefit. Cost-sharing methodologies also support regional decision-making by informing investment priorities, evaluating return on investment, assessing the distribution of costs and benefits, and supporting funding initiatives.
Although cost allocation has been examined in previous research, including TCRP Research Report 144: Sharing the Costs of Human Services Transportation (2011), changing travel patterns, expanding regional mobility needs, evolving funding partnerships, and advances in transit data and analytics have created new approaches to allocating costs and demonstrating the value of regional transit investments. A synthesis is needed to document current practices and lessons learned across the transit industry.
Objective
The objective of this synthesis is to document current approaches used by public transportation agencies to allocate and share the costs of regional transit services among multiple funding partners. The synthesis should identify the range of cost-sharing methodologies, governance structures, supporting data, and implementation practices used to establish and maintain regional funding partnerships.
Information to Be Gathered
At a minimum, the synthesis should gather information on:

Policies, agreements, and governance structures used to establish and administer inter-jurisdictional cost-sharing arrangements.

Types of funding partners participating in cost-sharing agreements, including governmental, nonprofit, healthcare, educational, tribal, and private-sector organizations.

Cost allocation methodologies and the metrics used to distribute operating and capital costs.

Data sources, analytical tools, and technologies used to support cost allocation and financial reporting.

Practices for evaluating return on investment and the distribution of costs and benefits among funding partners.

Approaches for communicating cost-sharing methodologies to governing boards, funding partners, elected officials, and the public.

Challenges associated with establishing, maintaining, and updating cost-sharing agreements, along with strategies agencies have used to address those challenges.


Tasks
Information shall be gathered through:

Literature review

Survey of public transportation agencies, with follow-up interviews as appropriate

Case examples illustrating a range of regional cost-sharing approaches

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 17:10:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772555</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SE-09. Transit Cleanliness – Understanding the Current Condition and Perceptions Across the Transit Industry</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Clean, well-maintained transit vehicles and facilities are essential to providing a positive customer experience and maintaining public confidence in public transportation. Transit agencies invest considerable resources in cleaning vehicles, stations, stops, and passenger amenities; however, agencies vary considerably in how they define cleanliness, establish cleaning standards, measure performance, and communicate results.

Cleanliness is influenced by both objective conditions (e.g., cleaning frequency, litter, graffiti, and maintenance) and subjective customer perceptions, which may differ based on service type, operating environment, and rider expectations. Although most transit agencies monitor cleanliness as part of their maintenance and customer service programs, there are no widely accepted industry practices for defining, measuring, or reporting cleanliness performance. A synthesis is appropriate because transit agencies routinely address cleanliness but employ a wide range of policies, performance measures, inspection methods, and customer feedback approaches.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this synthesis is to document current practices used by public transportation agencies to define, measure, manage, and communicate transit cleanliness. The synthesis should identify similarities and differences in agency practices, summarize approaches used to assess both objective cleanliness and customer perceptions, and identify practices that may support greater consistency in evaluating and communicating cleanliness across the transit industry. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 11:28:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772560</guid>
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