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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Using Artificial Intelligence to Uncover How Safety Perception Influences Travel Behavior Shifts: Comparative &amp; Longitudinal Analysis for the Future of Autonomous Vehicle, Transit and Ride-hailing Services</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2655700</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit agencies and cities are increasingly overwhelmed by large volumes of unstructured data; yet they lack methodical, validated tools to turn safety narratives into operational indicators. This project addresses that gap by measuring and comparing public safety perception for autonomous-vehicle services (robotaxis), public transit, and ride-hailing services. It will assess how these perceptions relate to traveler profiles and mode choice in San Francisco and San Jose over a six-month period. San Francisco as a mature setting where robotaxis may compete with ride-hailing and transit, and San Jose as a newer coming deployment that provides a baseline for comparison and forward-looking extrapolation.
The research team will use artificial intelligence with human-audited classification to analyze public discourse drawn from news-comment threads and social-media posts, for example, discussions of disengagements, curb conflicts, yielding behavior, and interpersonal harm such as unwanted contact, theft, or assault. Validation will include human audit with inter-rater reliability (aiming for Cohen’s kappa of at least 0.60), time- and city-based cross-validation, and an error taxonomy with documented adjustments. The project will deliver (1) a transparent safety-perception taxonomy, (2) traveler-persona profiles linked to safety perceptions, (3) a lightweight dashboard for agencies and cities to explore time, place, and topic trends, and (4) operational and policy frameworks for improvements across all modes, organized into vehicle-level safety measures, station and hub operating practices, reporting and response mechanisms, and rider communication standards. The approach and workflow are replicable and can be extended to additional cities. The innovation lies in a reusable tool bridging research and practice providing concrete, methodical steps to turn qualitative narratives into consistent indicators they can trust. Agencies can adopt it to sort and prioritize incoming signals, rerun it with new data, and compare results across time and places to support day-to-day decisions and longer-term planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Jan 2026 16:09:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2655700</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Enhancing Transit Safety for Riders and Workers Through Strategic Collaboration with Law Enforcement



</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2636139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transit agencies across the United States face growing public safety and security challenges affecting both riders and frontline workers. Reported incidents involving assault, harassment, disorderly conduct, and other safety-related events have increased over the past decade, contributing to workforce shortages, declining employee morale, and reduced rider confidence. Public safety concerns are also influencing ridership behavior, with some riders shifting to alternative travel modes because of perceived or actual safety risks. These trends threaten the reliability, financial sustainability, and broader societal benefits of public transportation.

To address these challenges, transit agencies use a range of public safety approaches, including partnerships with local law enforcement, contracted security services, transit police departments, and hybrid or community-based safety models. These approaches vary considerably in structure, governance, roles, operational practices, and public acceptance. Barriers such as unclear roles and responsibilities, inconsistent coordination, limited data sharing, and misalignment between transit agency and law enforcement objectives can hinder effective collaboration. At the same time, transit agencies are increasingly expected to balance enforcement with customer service, accessibility, and community trust.

The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) has conducted research on public safety and security, including measuring and managing fare evasion (2022), homelessness on transit systems (2024), and mitigation strategies for deterring transit assaults (2025). In addition, TCRP syntheses have documented current practices on customer perceptions of safety and security (2025) and impacts of drug use (2025), as well as ongoing research examining delivery models for law enforcement on public transit. Research is needed to better understand which collaboration strategies between transit agencies, law enforcement, and related stakeholders are most effective under varying operating environments and community contexts.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop a toolkit with step-by-step guidance, decision frameworks, and templates to help public transportation agencies collaborate with law enforcement agencies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 19:39:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2636139</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SA-65. Assessment of Transit Industry Understanding and Implementation of Safety Management System (SMS): Identifying Effective Strategies and Tools
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2576266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Transit Administration (FTA)'s adoption of the Public Transportation Agency Safety Plans (PTASP) regulation requires that federally funded transit agencies develop and implement a formal Safety Management System (SMS) framework to ensure an organization-wide approach to managing safety risk and assuring the effectiveness of a transit agency’s safety risk mitigation. SMS includes systematic procedures, practices, and policies for managing hazards and safety risks to improve the safety of public transportation in the United States.

Since its adoption, the transit industry’s understanding and application of SMS have evolved significantly, with varying levels of implementation across agencies. While some transit agencies have successfully integrated SMS principles into their safety practices, others face challenges in achieving full compliance and realizing the benefits of a proactive safety culture. Given this information, there is a need to assess how transit agencies interpret and apply SMS, identify common challenges, and document effective strategies, tools, and promotional activities that facilitate successful adoption and implementation.

Understanding how transit agencies are successfully adopting SMS is critical to help guide transit agencies to proactively address gaps in safety practices as well as enhance their safety culture before potential safety events occur. By identifying and documenting effective SMS implementation strategies, this research could enhance safety outcomes, foster a culture of continuous improvement, and strengthen public confidence in transit safety.

OBJECTIVE: This synthesis will examine successful SMS adoption through three-five case examples assessing the industry’s application of the four components of SMS: Safety policy; Safety risk management; Safety assurances; and Safety promotion.

This synthesis will document successful activities and tools that measure and enhance SMS effectiveness that can help transit agencies of varying size and in different modes strengthen their safety management capabilities as well as identifying any implementation challenges. This research aims to establish a preliminary foundation for improved safety management across transit agencies.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jul 2025 15:17:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2576266</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SG-21. Examining Delivery Models for Law Enforcement on Public Transit
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2576269</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transit agencies across the United States are working to address security challenges, which have amplified since the COVID-19 pandemic. Shifts in travel patterns have reduced traditional peak-period ridership. Agencies are reporting an increased proportion of riders experiencing mental health and/or substance use challenges, higher levels of fare evasion, greater use of transit systems by unhoused individuals seeking shelter, and an overall increase in behaviors that violate agency codes of conduct.

In response, transit agencies have adopted a range of approaches to address both rider and worker safety. A common theme has been expanded using law enforcement-related strategies. The common models include: (1) dedicated transit police departments; (2) contracted law enforcement services provided by local or regional police departments; and (3) hybrid models that combine sworn law enforcement with contracted security, civilian ambassadors, or other non-sworn personnel.

Transit agencies now face the challenge of determining which enforcement approaches are appropriate, effective, and cost-efficient within their operating environments. While each model presents advantages and disadvantages related to budget implications, transparency and accountability considerations, identifying what works and what’s most effective in reversing this trend is essential – while recognizing that the right approach may not be a one-size-fits-all solution. TCRP has conducted work related to this topic – fare evasion (2022), homelessness on transit systems (2024), customer perceptions of safety and security (2025), and impacts of drug use (2025). However, to date, no TCRP research examined how different law enforcement delivery models are structured, governed, and deployed within transit agencies, nor how these models influence safety, security, and customer and employee experiences.

The objective of this synthesis is to document and better understand how public transit agency’s structure, manage, and utilize law enforcement delivery models to support public safety. The synthesis will examine how transit police departments and other enforcement partners deploy resources; how agencies coordinate with law enforcement and non-law enforcement partners; and how different delivery models influence safety outcomes, code-of-conduct enforcement, and rider and workforce experience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jul 2025 14:36:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2576269</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SA-66. Measuring and Mitigating Risk in Transit Automation Testing and Implementation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2576272</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transit agencies are increasingly deploying automation and artificial intelligence (AI) across customer-facing services, operations and management functions, and safety systems, with varying levels of technological sophistication. These technologies shift traditional human responsibilities to including monitoring, decision-making, and control, to systems operating within defined safety and operational boundaries. However, agency approaches to evaluating and mitigating risk vary widely, particularly in areas such as false positives and negatives, regulatory compliance, system validation and testing, and stakeholder coordination, creating challenges for consistent and safe implementation across the industry.

The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) has begun examining automation and AI adoption through several efforts, including TCRP J-11/Task 27 on low-speed automated vehicles and TCRP Research Report 232 on workforce impacts, with additional studies underway. Despite this growing body of work, no research currently provides a comprehensive roadmap to guide transit agencies through procurement, testing, validation, deployment, and ongoing management of these systems. As agencies move from pilot projects to broader implementation, this gap represents a critical need within current TCRP research.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this synthesis is to document current practices used by public transit agencies to evaluate and mitigate safety and operational risks associated with automation and artificial intelligence (AI). This includes approaches to risk profiling, testing and validation, and balancing innovation with regulatory and safety requirements. The primary audience for this synthesis is public transit agency staff responsible for the planning, procurement, implementation, and oversight of automation and AI systems, as well as technology vendors.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jul 2025 13:59:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2576272</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measures of Transit Ambassador and Outreach Program Effectiveness</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2464328</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nationally, public transit ridership has not completely recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic. In some communities, the viability and perceived safety of public transit are further challenged by rising public drug use and increasing levels of unsheltered homelessness. Additionally, many cities are contending with a housing affordability crisis and decreased public funding for social services as COVID-19 era funding ends. These intersecting socioeconomic factors have required public entities, including transit agencies, to respond to new societal and public safety issues, and coordinate or provide trauma-informed care that they have never provided before. 

The urgency and scale of the problem has led to the implementation of ambassador, mental health outreach, or crisis response programs that do not have universal measures of effectiveness or established outcomes. Although many transit agency approaches or programs are supported by the public and experience many qualitative successes, short-term and long-term viability of the programs depends on their ability to demonstrate effectiveness at reducing the impact of disorder and social problems on their system. 

Despite common goals, no two programs are identical. Each operates in a unique sociopolitical climate that influences its functions, abilities, funds, and outcomes. As funding is varied and sometimes not permanent, it is important to be able to measure programs’ outcomes, define success and effectiveness, and share strategies or programs that improve transit operations, public and transit workers safety, and ridership. This research will help transit agencies evaluate the impact of their current programs and design future initiatives with built-in performance metrics. It will also provide a framework for agencies in the early stages of program development.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop guidelines and resources for transit agencies to evaluate the effectiveness of ambassador programs and mental health outreach or crisis response initiatives. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Nov 2024 06:11:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2464328</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Public Transit Stations: Year 2</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2446989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project continues exploring Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles in public transit stations to enhance community safety. Through site assessments in Wilmington, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, the study identifies and addresses gaps in CPTED implementation at vulnerable transit locations. The project aims to catalog existing CPTED practices, evaluate additional transit stations, and develop actionable recommendations to reduce crime risk and improve station accessibility, fostering safer, community-centered transit environments that encourage transit use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Oct 2024 14:33:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2446989</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Building AI and Machine Learning Technologies for Enhancing Transportation Station Area Safety in San Jose, CA</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2431333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Criminal activities often cluster around transportation hubs like transit stations. While accurate crime prediction tools enhance crime prevention and mobility, few research integrates historical crime data, transportation networks, and hub locations using artificial intelligence (AI). This project develops a machine learning algorithm with the implementation of the software package in Python, leveraging a multi-layered geo-statistical model to predict crimes within transportation systems, enhancing safety and increasing ridership. Unlike past tools focusing solely on historical crime or land use data, this tool combines transportation network insights with hub locations taking advantage of rigorous statistical model. This software package enables local jurisdictions to allocate resources more effectively, plan interventions, and strengthen public safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2024 16:27:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2431333</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the relationship between the built environment, safety, and bus ridership in Connecticut using mixed research methods</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2321640</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project aims to analyze and improve public transportation safety and ridership in Connecticut, focusing on the interplay between crime rates, bus stop environments, and ridership patterns. In response to concerns about rising crime and declining transit use, the project seeks to identify environmental factors at bus stops that are associated with crime occurrence, using extensive data analysis and field studies. This interdisciplinary approach combines a literature review, spatial data analysis, and surveys to understand how the built environment shapes transit safety perceptions. The study's findings will inform strategies to enhance bus stop safety and increase ridership. Project outcomes will offer practical insights for transit agencies, contributing to safer and more widely used urban transportation systems.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jan 2024 10:20:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2321640</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Co-designing Safety-Enhancing ADAS with Transit Operators</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2292668</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transportation is critical infrastructure serving millions of people across the United States. With roughly 4 billion individual trips occurring annually, it is the primary mode of transportation for many commuting to and from work, school, and leisure activities. Over the past several years, there has been an increase in investment in automated vehicle (AV) technology for buses. The use of AV technology has the potential to fundamentally impact public transit operations. While there are ambitious plans for automated bus deployments across the country, operating transit is more complex than light-duty passenger vehicles. Buses, for example, are significantly larger and operate in highly variable environments near vulnerable road users. Even in the case of smaller vehicles such as vans, there are still many technical challenges to overcome to navigate these complex environments safely. Furthermore, transit operations require supporting passengers and maintaining safety inside the vehicle. Due to both technical and operational challenges, transit vehicles, including buses and vans, will continue to require skilled human operators, even as automated vehicle capabilities are incorporated. Introducing new technology will impact operator’s duties and actions, as well as passenger safety and experience.   To help maintain transit’s high level of safety for passengers, it is essential to understand how automation stands to affect the roles and day-to-day tasks of trained operators. Driver assistance automation, such as pedestrian warnings and lane-centering, can potentially improve the safety and workload of trained operators. At the same time, automation can create new kinds of safety issues caused by the interactions in human-autonomy teams and can intensify work as people primarily take over from automation in the most challenging situations. It is crucial to consider the safety of incorporating automation technologies into fleets and to develop training for operators to work effectively with such technologies. The study team's research first examines how autonomous vehicle technologies could impact transit operations, and specifically the jobs of transit workers. The research team will then collaborate with transit drivers to understand the kinds of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and interfaces that would help them in their work and improve transit operations.  Through a participatory design approach, this project will examine past and ongoing transformations of transit infrastructure in order to envision the future of transit with operators. Centering safety and equity of the socio-technical infrastructure of transit, this project aims to develop novel, operator-driven systems that could further enhance operations. This is expected to yield (1) empirical findings on the forms of autonomy (current and proposed) drivers perceive as being helpful to their work, as well as necessary components of implementation (e.g., training, human-machine interfaces), (2) methodological insights on co-design strategies for generating novel directions for ADAS within transit, as well as accounting for the potential, unintended harms of autonomy, and (3) theoretical findings that contribute core understandings on autonomous systems impacts to safety and workload.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Nov 2023 17:57:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2292668</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SH-24. Impacts of Fentanyl and Substance Use on Transit</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fentanyl and illegal substance abuse have increased inside transit since the Covid-19 pandemic. Drug use appears rampant in Metro systems across the country. The objective of this Synthesis is to document the current practices of transit systems dealing with illegal substances like methamphetamine and fentanyl use in their transit vehicles and stations.  The synthesis should assess the current use of methamphetamine and fentanyl in transit, describe the types of interventions, and the results of such interventions. The Synthesis shall include at the minimum: a) Determine if and how transit agencies across North America have documented illegal substances like methamphetamine and fentanyl use in the transit systems. Identify the type of data sources. Time of day, location, facility type, mode, on-vehicle and off-vehicle (total transit environment); b) Document the health, safety, and hygiene impacts on transit employees and passengers from methamphetamine and fentanyl use in the transit systems. Document biohazard issues related to the health impacts of drug us; c) Document the way transit systems respond to methamphetamine and fentanyl use on the transit environment; d) Identify how methamphetamine and fentanyl use in transit systems affects passengers’ feelings of safety while using the transit system; e) Collect information on how local/state statute changes related to drug crime classification (felony/misdemeanor) have influenced the level of drug use on transit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jun 2023 16:58:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SB-39. Improving Transit Customer Perception of Personal Security</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2149963</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In August 2022, the Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) released the findings from a global study, Changing Patterns of Violence Pose New Challenges for Public Transport, that found growing violence against passengers and staff on passenger trains, at train stations, a on buses, and at bus stations. Brian Michael Jenkins writes: “The behavior is contributing to a sense of insecurity. A public fearful of traveling adds to economic difficulties for transportation operators and reduced resources for facilities improvements, service, and security. The fact there are fewer riders may contribute even further to a sense of insecurity…”

Passengers may feel exacerbated by the increased number of homeless people using transit. People who are homeless often use public transit vehicles or facilities as shelters to stay out of the weather and to be safe. For various reasons, many transit passengers do not feel comfortable around people who are homeless, especially if these people have mental health or substance abuse issues (TCRP Synthesis 121).

Los Angeles Metro (“Metro”) reports that in their customer survey, rail riders list homelessness as one of the top issues they want the agency to address. (See Metro’s blog. The Source). Metro has been working to solve the homelessness issue since 2017 when its Board of Directors approved Metro’s first Homeless Outreach Plan. However, since the problem is so complex, there is a public perception that Metro is not doing enough.

New York’s MTA Subway Safety Plan (2022) recognizes that crime and homelessness are major issues for the subway system in New York and outlines a three-part plan that will transition people living in subway stations into permanent housing. This plan, also dubbed “Cops, Camera and Care,” will add NYPD and MTA officers, the installation of additional security cameras and intervention teams that help the homeless and mentally ill in the stations while protecting the transit customers. The MTA believes this plan will reduce all types of crime, will make the system safer, and attract more riders.

Other agencies are also struggling with the perception of customers about how they handle issues of crime and homelessness, among others. Some try to improve their customer’s perception by creating customer experience programs that endeavor to improve customer satisfaction, attract ridership, and improve morale. Since safety is a significant concern of riders, the customer experience includes outreach to the homeless population.

OBJECTIVE: This Synthesis will document the current practices transit systems use to improve customer perception of personal security. The report will highlight the following: the strategies that are being used to increase customer perception of  security on transit; whether the strategies are successful; how these strategies are communicated to the public; and the associated change in customers’ perceptions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Apr 2023 17:18:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2149963</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding How Marginalized Genders Travel Using NJ Transit</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2132217</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Through this research, NJ TRANSIT sought to understand how women and members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer plus community, sometimes referred to as sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) travel on NJ TRANSIT so the agency can provide better accommodations for all customers, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. The objective of this study was to explore the travel behavior and experiences of public transit users in New Jersey and to understand the relationship between travel experiences, perceptions of safety, gender, and sexual orientation. The hypothesis is that women and SGMs have different travel behaviors and experiences than men and that women and SGMs are more likely to have concerns about safety and security while using NJ TRANSIT. To achieve this objective, the research team conducted a comprehensive literature review and peer agency interviews to assess the state of knowledge on this topic and to document how other agencies are addressing the needs and concerns of women and SGMs using public transit. The research team also conducted a statewide travel behavior survey and six focus groups with NJ TRANSIT customers.
Results show that that there are differences in how women and SGMs use NJ TRANSIT services and that SGMs, particularly transgender/gender non-conforming persons, were disproportionately likely to have safety and security concerns, and to have experienced harassment while using NJ TRANSIT services. The research further found that the vast majority of harassment incidents (84 percent) go unreported and that SGMs were less likely to trust authorities when reporting a harassment incident compared to other populations. When controlled for other variables, these differences were generally not explained by differences in race and income. NJ TRANSIT mode also played some role in perceptions and experiences safety and harassment, with light rail users being more likely to report having safety/security concerns or having been harassed/assaulted while using transit compared to users of other modes. This may be due to the fact that light rail operations are conducted on an honor system, generally with fewer NJ TRANSIT employees present during service hours.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Mar 2023 10:36:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2132217</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Watch Out for CityLYNX! Be Streetcar Smart</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2096560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project will execute a campaign to include bold signage and pavement markings in the streetcar corridor areas along the CityLYNX Gold Line. CATS will be installing creative marketing strategies to educate the public that streetcar safety is important and to prevent fatalities from pedestrians and bicyclists being hit by the streetcar (26 incidents in 3 yrs) due to improper crossing and trespassing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2023 14:49:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2096560</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utah Transit Authority, Suicide Prevention Research and Demonstration Project</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2096559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project proposes to demonstrate an innovative Radar/Camera Surveillance and Detection System that will give early warning so that an operational approach can be implemented to react to trespassers on its FrontRunner commuter and TRAX light rail systems. The system includes PTZ camera, radar, load speaker, and Red/Blue LED lights and connects to  the Rail Control Centers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2023 14:49:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2096559</guid>
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