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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Experimental Determination of Rail Fracture Properties</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2573188</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are approximately 1,100 train derailments per year in the U.S., and rail fracture is responsible for 7% of these derailments. Fatigue cracking is a widespread rail fracture issue and a significant safety concern accompanied by critical rail maintenance costs. Despite this fact, a reliable model for predicting fatigue fracture in rails has not yet been deployed within the U.S. In this UTCRS project, the research team has developed an advanced computational algorithm for predicting crack evolution in rails subjected to cyclic fatigue loading. The team's fracture model demonstrates the feasibility and scientific rigor over the traditional phenomenological approaches, while several challenges remain for its successful practical implementation. One of the core challenges is to identify fracture properties in the model when rails are subjected to long-term cyclic fatigue loadings. This project aims to determine the fracture properties of railheads subjected to long-term cyclic fatigue loading. Toward that end, the will use will use its nonlinear cohesive zone (NCZ) fracture model implemented within the finite element computational algorithm and experimental results from the railhead fatigue testing which is currently under development and will be continued in 2025-2026 (as described in our companion UTCRS proposal entitled Experimental Determination of Crack Growth in Rails Subjected to Long-Term Cyclic Fatigue Loading). Successful identification of rail fracture properties (i.e., fundamental material properties) through this project will serve as a core piece for the development of TAMU’s rail fracture modeling framework which will significantly impact the current railway safety and asset management program. This project will be carried out with direct interaction and supervision by MxV Rail personnel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 13:04:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2573188</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Computational Model for Predicting Fracture in Rails Subjected to Long-Term Cyclic Fatigue Loading</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2573185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is well known that one of the most significant causes of train derailments within the U.S. is due to rail fracture. Despite this fact, a reliable model for predicting fatigue fracture in rails has not yet been deployed within the U.S. The research team has recently been developing an advanced computational algorithm for predicting crack evolution in ductile solids subjected to long-term cyclic loading. In this UTCRS project, the research team will continue to adapt this model to the prediction of crack growth in rails. Concomitantly, with funding provided by MxV Rail, the research team has recently completed a decade-long series of experiments designed to provide data usable for the purpose of developing just such a model. The research team, therefore, possesses the ability to both predict crack growth due to cyclic fatigue in rails, as well as to utilize our previously obtained experimental results to validate our predictive methodology. Hence, the research team has begun the following rather challenging task of: 1) modifying our computational model for predicting crack growth for application to cyclic fatigue in rails; 2) developing an experimental protocol for obtaining the material properties required to deploy their computational fracture model (described in their companion project entitled Experimental Determination of Crack Growth in Rails Subjected to Long-Term Cyclic Fatigue Loading); 3) demonstrate the effectiveness of their model for predicting the effects of long-term cyclic loading on rail fracture; and 4) develop a procedure based on their model for railway engineers to utilize to determine when rails should be inspected and potentially removed from service for cause, thereby increasing rail safety. This project will be carried out with direct interaction and supervision by MxV Rail engineers. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 12:45:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2573185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of In-situ Fracture Toughness Evaluation for Bridge Safety</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2341566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research will develop and evaluate non-destructive test methods that have the
potential for providing information about material resistance to fracture. This may include
in-situ measurements of surface hardness, acoustic-emission measurements, and/or
advanced ultrasonic evaluation. Test results obtained from these advanced technologies
will be correlated with fracture toughness and absorbed impact energy for a variety of
metallic materials used in highway infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Feb 2024 16:38:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2341566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Toughness Requirements for Heat-Affected Zones of Welded Structural Steels for Highway Bridges</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1685011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AASHTO M 270 (ASTM A709), Standard Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges, covers the chemical, mechanical, and toughness properties of structural steel intended for use in bridges. The AASHTO/AWS D1.5 Bridge Welding Code covers the welding processes and requirements for welded highway bridges, but it does not address the toughness requirements for heat-affected zones (HAZs) of welded structural steels. Also, toughness requirements for HAZs of welded structural steels are not covered in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. There is a need to identify the factors affecting the toughness for HAZs of welded structural steels used in highway bridges and determine what toughness requirements are necessary for incorporation in the AASHTO/AWS Bridge Welding Code and the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. This information will ensure that the HAZs will exhibit the toughness properties that are necessary for the intended performance and service life. Recent work completed under NCHRP Project 10-95 provided a review of some of the issues related to the toughness of HAZs of welded structural steels and proposed a preliminary research plan for identifying toughness requirements of welded structural steels used in highway bridges (see Special Note A). However, additional research is needed to further define and address the issues associated with toughness of HAZs, and to develop the proposed toughness requirements.  
 
The objective of this research is to develop proposed toughness requirements for the heat-affected zones (HAZs) of welded structural steels for highway bridges. The research shall deal with steels intended for use in bridges as identified in AASHTO M 270, Standard Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2020 19:34:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1685011</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of Modern High Toughness Steels for Fracture Propagation and Arrest Assessment- Phase II</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1523904</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of high toughness linepipe materials is reducing the relevance of current material test methods and their application to design.  Current fracture mechanics models, plastic collapse schemes and test methods are inadequate to determine the crack arresting capacity of a particular steel alloy/linepipe component.  Furthermore, relatively inexpensive tests that are quick to perform are simply not available to accurately assess the fracture behavior of today's high strength and high toughness linepipe steels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Jul 2018 14:34:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1523904</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bayesian Network Inference and Information Fusion for Accurate Pipe Strength and Toughness Estimation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1523900</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pipeline infrastructure and its safety are critical for the recovering of U.S. economy and our standard of living. Accurate pipe material strength estimation is critical for the integrity and risk assessment of aging pipeline infrastructure systems. Existing techniques focus on the single modality deterministic estimation of pipe strength and ignores inhomogeneousity and uncertainties. In view of this, this project is a novel information fusion framework using multimodality diagnosis for pipe materials for accurate probabilistic strength and toughness estimation under uncertainties. The first task will be chemical composition, material microstructure, and basic surface mechanical properties are detected using various in situ and ex situ techniques. Advanced data analysis using Gaussian Processing model will be performed for surrogate modeling and uncertainty quantification. Following this, advanced sensing techniques using acoustic and electromagnetic sensing will be considered. Both simulation and prototype testing are proposed for model validation and demonstration. Finally, a generalized Bayesian network methodology is planned to fuse multiple sources of information from the multimodality diagnosis results. Probabilistic pipe strength and toughness estimation is inferred based on the posterior distribution after information fusion. If successful, this study can help to accurately and effectively assess the reliability of pipeline systems, and eventually help the decision making process to balance the pipeline safety and economical operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Jul 2018 11:51:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1523900</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nanoindentation Characterization of Aging in Different Phases of an Asphalt Concrete</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1403612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To this day, a number of methods have been developed and used to predict aging behavior of asphalt binders. In the last decade alone, there have been significant improvements in aging simulation equipment such as rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel. The understanding of the bulk thermal and rheological properties such as viscosity and consistency of aged and unaged asphalt binders has also improved. However, the test methods developed, to this day, are mostly rheological shear and bending beam tests performed on the bulk volume of aged and unaged binders. No studies have been performed to determine the stiffness and hardness of binder being an integral part of an asphalt concrete (AC). Because the existing tests used in the asphalt area cannot be performed on binder and mastic while they are an integral part of AC. Recently, nanoindentation has brought an opportunity to conduct tests on binder, mastic and aggregate while they are integral parts of AC. Because, in nanoindentation test, a nanometer size tip, which is smaller than binder film thickness as well as mastic phase, can be accurately position on these phases to indent them. In the proposed study, nanoindentation test will be used to measure mechanical properties such as stiffness and hardness of asphalt binder, mastic, and aggregate while they are being a part of an AC sample, as a function of aging time and/or temperature. In addition, mathematical models will be developed to determine the fracture properties (e.g., embrittlement) of asphalt phases from indentation test data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 2016 11:22:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1403612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rail Neutral Temperature In-Situ Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1313120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Continuous welded rails (CWR) are rails that are welded together to become long continuous members that are fixed at both ends. When the ambient temperature significantly increases or decreases from the rail neutral temperature (RNT), the temperature at which the rails experience zero stress, the metal can expand and cause the rails to buckle, or contract and cause the rails to fracture. These effects can, in a worst-case scenario, result in train derailment. However, even installing CWR at a median ambient temperature does not guarantee that a rail will not buckle or fracture in the future, and it is sometimes necessary to reinstall the entire rail. A means of preventing these faults is to measure RNT and longitudinal rail stress of CWR to determine if the reinstallation of the entire rail is warranted to increase safety. Several methods for measuring RNT and longitudinal stress exist, but they each have various pitfalls. RNT is traditionally determined by cutting the rail, measuring the gap, performing calculations, and rewelding the rail; but this method is destructive and labor intensive. Nondestructive methods exist; but they can be costly, are not always accurate, and may require contact with the rail. The technique being created is a nondestructive and noncontact method of measuring RNT and longitudinal stress. This technique uses a pulse laser to generate Rayleigh waves, which can be used to determine the longitudinal stress on the rails, and the RNT can be calculated using the relationship between the longitudinal stress, ambient temperature, and material properties. Rayleigh wave polarization is more sensitive and more robust than Rayleigh wave speed; thus it results in more accurate and more precise measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jun 2014 01:00:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1313120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Functionally Graded Biomimetic Energy Absorption Concept Development for Transportation Systems</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1301295</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study shows how many lessons can be learned from a study of biological systems that are applicable to engineering applications. The proposed research applies the observations from the study of tendon-to-bone insertion site conducted by PI with his colleagues at the School of Medicine at Washington University to a development of a robust and resilient functionally graded cylindrical sandwich shock absorber. The concept utilizes concentric foam shells of variable mass density constrained within a stiffer outer shell that reduces radial deformations of the assembly under axial shock. As was demonstrated for both biological tissues (e.g., the tendon-to-bone insertion site) and for engineering materials (metals, ceramics, composites), a lower stiffness material possesses a higher resilience and toughness. In the considered concept, the project maximizes the energy dissipation of the assembly by grading the foam shells utilizing variable mass density (and accordingly, variable stiffness and strength) of foam. The energy absorption is maximized, while maintaining the prescribed deformation as well as the necessary strength of the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Mar 2014 01:01:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1301295</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cost-Effective Techniques for Weld Property Measurement and Technologies for Improving Weld HE and IGSCC Resistance for Alternative Fuel Pipelines</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1261699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Built upon proven technologies, this proposal research aims at (i) advancing the general knowledge related to fatigue and fracture properties of pipeline steel welds subject to high pressure hydrogen atmosphere and (ii) developing technologies for weld property improvement. In particular, the project objectives are as follows: (1)  Apply Multiple-Notch Tensile and Spiral Notch Torsion Tests for measuring the local tensile strength and fracture toughness of weld region in high-pressure hydrogen. (2) Develop a cost-effective low-frequency cyclic fatigue testing technique for measuring the weld fatigue property in high-pressure hydrogen. (3) Develop the technical basis and database of hydrogen-induced degradation of weld mechanical properties as a function of pressure, temperature and microstructure. (4) Evaluate technologies for improving the HE and IGSCC resistance of steel welds.  The technologies include (a) tailoring residual stress by overlay welds, (b) new welding consumables, and (c) friction stir welding.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Sep 2013 01:01:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1261699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transport of Fraccing Sand - Impact of Increasing Freight Loads on Rail Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1250967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The impact of increasing freight loads on the life cycle of a railway track is unknown without proper investigation, characterization, and modeling of rail substructure, primarily railway ballast. Because demand for railway freight transportation is increasing - especially for rail infrastructure associated with the mining, processing, and transport of fraccing sand - the challenge to all research and maintenance entities is to test and develop new cost-effective methods for railway maintenance and upgrade. With these needs in mind, the GeoEngineering program at the University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison has invested dedicated researchers to railway industry research, developed laboratory testing equipment specifically designed for railway ballast, developed a rail maintenance model titled WiscRail™ for rail substructure design and maintenance, and established a foundation for contributing to the contemporary and future railway industry knowledge base. This proposal specifically seeks to apply these developed technologies to the rail engineering and maintenance profession through assessment of the capacity of existing rail infrastructure in Wisconsin to handle fraccing sands and other heavy loads by use of the WiscRail™ maintenance model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2013 01:00:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1250967</guid>
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