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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Innovative Materials for Improved Roadway Mobility and Drainage Efficiency</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2677558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flood-related roadway closures and drainage failures cause major travel delays, increase congestion, and pose risks to public health and safety. Conventional stormwater culverts or highway drainage made from plastic, such as Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), are vulnerable to deformation, cracking, and chemical degradation, particularly in high-temperature or chemically aggressive soils. This project develops and evaluates advanced recycled HDPE composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes for use in drainage pipes and highway culvert systems, designed to maintain roadway mobility and performance during extreme rainfall, with an emphasis on public health and safety benefits and long-term roadway performance.  

Laboratory-scale fabrication and mechanical testing will optimize the composition of carbon nanotube-reinforced recycled HDPE blends for improved fracture strength, chemical resistance, and physical properties. Past research by the PI has previously produced and evaluated nanoclay-reinforced recycled plastic, demonstrating established expertise in composite preparation and testing.   

The research team will collaborate with Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), El Paso Water Utilities, and El Paso County to validate the material in representative stormwater applications and to assess long-term material performance under demanding exposure conditions such as ultraviolet radiation and high temperatures. By utilizing recycled HDPE, the project reduces material waste while improving performance and supporting long-term infrastructure reliability. The project will also conduct performance analysis and compare lifecycle costs against conventional PVC or HDPE systems, providing guidelines for integrating innovative polymer composites into transportation drainage infrastructure that support efficient roadway operation and reduced flood-related mobility disruptions. This project undertakes breakthrough research by applying carbon nanotubes to strengthen recycled thermoplastics for stormwater drainage systems. It is an innovative effort combining material science, hydraulic engineering, and laboratory-scale testing.    

  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 13:53:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2677558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Safety Perspectives, Approaches, and Needs for Testing, Deploying, and Operating Vehicles Equipped with Driving Automation Systems (Automated Vehicles) on Public Roadways</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2655699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[States and cities across the country would benefit from enhanced technical resources that evaluate different safety perspectives, approaches, and needs in the United States and around the world for testing, deploying, and operating vehicles equipped with driving automation systems (automated vehicles) on public roadways and to assist them in addressing issues in driver licensure, liability and traffic laws under their regulatory jurisdiction. These resources would help inform updates to jurisdiction-specific or agency-specific needs and approaches to automated vehicle safety in the United States. These resources could also help inform the development of a more coordinated multi-jurisdictional, multi-state, or national scale approach for testing, deploying, and operating automated vehicles more safely on public roadways in the United States. 
Below are questions that will be explored as part of this research project. (1) What does safety mean? (2) How does safety get measured? (3) How are safety hazards analyzed and risks assessed and mitigated? (4) What constitutes a positive safety culture for an organization? (5) How does safety get communicated to others? (6) What are effective ways for building public trust? (7) What roles do and should different stakeholders play to ensure acceptable safety? (8) How safe is safe enough for determining when, where, and how to conduct public road testing and/or deployments with or without a safety driver? (9)  Who takes responsibility for ensuring acceptable safety during public road testing and/or deployments? (10) How does liability (including tort and product liability) get addressed in public road testing, deployments and operations of automated vehicles?

The goals of this project are to: (1) Create a clear understanding of different safety perspectives, approaches, and needs for testing, deploying, and operating automated vehicles on public roadways from numerous examples in the United States and around the world. (2) Recognize best practices for the roadway automation industry and state and local transportation agencies in the United States to consider as a basis for a future government-industry coordinated multi-jurisdictional or national framework for safe testing, deployments, and operations of automated vehicles on public roadways.
               ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Jan 2026 08:03:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2655699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stick &amp; Scan: Perching Uncrewed Aerial System for Efficient In-Situ Non-Destructive Inspection of Transportation Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2622014</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims to develop and demonstrate a perching-capable Uncrewed Aerial System (UAS) for efficient, in-situ non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of transportation infrastructure, particularly in difficult-to-access locations such as the undersides of bridges. While UAS platforms are widely used for visual inspection, their application for contact-based NDE is rather limited due to challenges in stability, power consumption, and force control during flight. To address these challenges, the proposed UAS integrates a thermoplastic-based perching mechanism and a planar sensor positioning system, enabling stable attachment to structural surfaces and precise scanning using contact sensors. The research has two primary objectives: (1) to design and build a perching UAS platform, and (2) to demonstrate its feasibility for deploying contact-based NDE technologies in both lab and field settings. An external advisory board will guide feasibility testing and support technology transfer. This project addresses U.S. DOT goals related to infrastructure safety and resilience and is expected to advance automated inspection methods while reducing risks to human inspectors. Outcomes will be disseminated through workshops, webinars, and conference presentations targeting practitioners and industry stakeholders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Nov 2025 15:06:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2622014</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPR-5014: Polymeric Overlays Performance Assessment</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2601507</link>
      <description><![CDATA[INDOT seeks to evaluate/predict polymeric overlay effectiveness, including analyzing non-destructive test results and the influence of bridge and environmental factors, how often polymeric overlays contracts involve a warranty, optimal warranty period, and effect of changes in polymeric overlay specification and schedule. Information on nationwide practices will be solicited. The study outputs will include methods to estimate polymeric overlay longevity, the role of warranties, and project delivery recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2025 16:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2601507</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Scour Critical Shear Stress of Ohio Soils
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2601291</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently, Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) assumes all cohesive soils to be granular soil with the same gradation as fine Ottawa sand, which is the most scourable soil material. This is an unreasonable assumption for cohesive soils, and it over-predicts scour to an unrealistic degree, potentially costing Ohio from a few thousand to millions of dollars per bridge foundation at water crossing structures with cohesive foundation soils. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) "NextScour" program, "The result of this assumption can be too conservative when soils other than the uniformly graded granular soils are encountered and can dramatically increase the cost of many bridge foundations."

ODOT needs to develop reasonable scour guidelines and analyses based on soil scour critical shear stress (tc) to provide realistic predictions of scour depth for scour design floods and scour check floods, so that appropriately efficient and economical foundations can be designed for Ohio bridges. ODOT needs an economical and practical way to estimate tc for input into scour analyses, based on common laboratory soil testing index properties, without the need to resort to expensive and time-consuming flume soil testing to measure tc for each project.

ODOT proposes to develop better soil scour guidelines and analyses based on scour critical shear stress (tc), including estimation of tc based on common laboratory soil testing index properties through this study.
                          ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 08:35:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2601291</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Concrete Strength Sensing Using REBEL Sensors</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2595171</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurately determining the strength of in-place concrete helps to ensure its quality, avoid premature failure and keep construction projects on track. This project will evaluate the use of REBEL (resonance-based embedded layer) sensors, which nondestructively assess real-time strength of concrete, for use in Illinois Department of Transportation projects. Researchers will evaluate the accuracy, reliability and practicality of REBEL sensors compared to IDOT’s currently specified test methods. The results of this project will help IDOT decide if it can incorporate acoustic resonance methods, like REBEL sensors, into its specifications as well as determine the validity of REBEL sensors for use in IDOT projects. Allowing this method into IDOT’s specifications can potentially enhance overall quality control/assurance as well as provide accurate and real-time strength data that will help determine if a roadway can open early to the public.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2025 11:41:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2595171</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Phase II: Method Development for Construction Design in Diatomaceous Soils</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2594023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Diatomaceous soils, which contain silica frustules from ancient algae blooms, are prevalent in eastern and central Oregon, including in areas of Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) right-of-way. For engineering projects built on top of or in these deposits, problems such as excessive settlement of embankments, slope instability, and construction difficulties with drilled shafts and driven piles have been observed (ex. Wickiup Junction, Buck Creek Bridge). Lack of a robust understanding of the behavior of diatomaceous soils is often cited as the reason for this poor design performance. Complicating matters further, relatively little is documented in the literature regarding the performance of piles in diatomaceous soils. To begin to understand the behavior of diatomaceous soils, ODOT recently invested in a research program (SPR820) to develop predictive estimating models for geotechnical properties of Oregon’s diatomaceous silt, leveraging available data from existing ODOT diatomaceous projects together with targeted field-directed geotechnical testing including an array of in-situ tests at select sites in diatomaceous deposits. These materials have been further characterized through an extensive laboratory testing program. A full-scale field test is now required to develop and validate necessary empirical design methods for deep foundations in diatomaceous silt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 15:33:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2594023</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Correlation of Laboratory Three-Wheel Polisher Revolutions with Roadway Accumulated-Traffic to Evaluate Laboratory Polishing of Pavements</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Prior to conducting laboratory dynamic friction tests (DFTs), a three-wheel polisher is used to simulate the polishing effect of traffic on asphalt pavements. Limited research has looked at how the number of revolutions completed by a three-wheel polisher correlates with real-world cumulative traffic volume. Establishing correlations between the number of three-wheel polisher revolutions and real-world traffic volume will clarify how aggregate polishing affects pavement friction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 11:32:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593938</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Local Resonances-based NDE Technique for Rail Flaw Detection</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2572328</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rail internal defects have been one of the leading causes of track-related accidents. Rail internal defects can reduce cross-sectional area and introduce stress concentration. Moreover, they can develop with normal, rapid, and sudden growth rates. If left undetected, internal defects can result in broken rails, train accidents, and derailments, where sudden rail rupture can occur without warning. Accurate and reliable rail flaw detection is therefore critically important for improving safety and reliability and minimizing the risks of accidents induced by rail internal defects. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, including roller search unit (RSU), ultrasound A-Scan, and phased array, have been employed to detect rail internal defects but their performance or accessibility has been limited. This project will develop a new technology using a newly identified wave propagation phenomenon  (local resonances in rails) for rail defect detection.  These local resonances feature highly localized energy and signature frequencies that are governed by the geometry and material properties of a rail. These local resonances were found to be sensitive to internal defects over the full rail cross-section and are easy to measure. A low-cost contactless acoustic sensing prototype will be developed that would generate local resonances in rails. These resonances will provide flaw detection capability over the full rail section. The prototype’s sensing configuration will be simple and robust and, compared with existing NDE techniques, it will not require sophisticated/expensive sensors or data acquisition systems. It will combine fast data collection with efficient data processing to produce timely critical damage alert. If successful, the project is expected to have a significant impact of the current state of practice for accuracy and practicality with regard to determining the presence and severity of internal rail defects.

 ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 16:46:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2572328</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physical model to study tunnel squeezing under true-triaxial stress state (UTI-UTC 30)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543423</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project develops a novel physical modeling framework to investigate the phenomenon of tunnel squeezing in weak or highly stressed rock masses under true-triaxial stress conditions. Tunnel squeezing—characterized by excessive and time-dependent ground deformation around the tunnel perimeter—poses significant challenges to safe and cost-effective tunnel construction. To simulate this behavior, a miniature tunnel boring machine (TBM) is integrated into a true-triaxial apparatus capable of replicating realistic in-situ stress states. The model allows for controlled excavation in synthetic clay-rich rock analogs and incorporates real-time measurement of displacement, strain, and support system response. Experimental data are complemented with analytical and numerical analyses to evaluate failure mechanisms and the interaction between the TBM, tunnel liner, and surrounding ground. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of tunnel-ground interactions under squeezing conditions and guide the development of robust tunneling strategies and support systems for use in challenging geological environments.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 17:23:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543423</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Correlating In-situ Rapid Concrete Durability Test With Standardized Methods Via Pore Structure Analysis</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549027</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project seeks to evaluate the concrete durability through the development and optimization of a novel, non-destructive, rapid in-situ testing method known as the Water Pressure Drop Test (WPDT). Traditional methods for assessing concrete durability, such as the rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT), bulk resistivity, and rapid freeze-thaw tests, require extensive sample preparation, precise laboratory conditions, and significant time investments, often making them impractical for field use. In contrast, the WPDT enables the assessment of concrete durability on site in as little as 20 minutes, eliminating the need for sample damage or prolonged saturation processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 May 2025 15:27:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549027</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient Construction Material Testing and Inspection Based on Risk Levels</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2533743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) previously completed research project SD91-05 Essential Testing and Inspections Levels which was conducted over 30 years ago. It would be beneficial to review SDDOT’s current construction material testing and inspection program using a “Risk-Based Analysis”. This type of analysis would focus on the value of each material test and type of inspection, thus helping SDDOT to direct resources to where they would provide the most value and reduce the risk to end quality and performance. Risks include but are not limited to time, cost, safety, quality, and scheduling. Advancements in technology and software since SD91-05 have improved processes and productivity in the highway construction industry. Current and emerging technologies should be considered in this research to improve the efficiency of SDDOT construction material testing and inspection. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Apr 2025 08:45:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2533743</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Realistic Testing Protocols for Evaluating and Promoting Sustainable Technologies for Stabilizing Highly Expansive Clay Soils</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2509295</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most subgrade soils in Region 6 are problematic because they consist of expansive soils and weak cohesive soils. Much of the observed damage occurring to pavements and other geotechnical assets is directly linked to the shrink-swell characteristics of these highly plastic soils. Extreme weather causes further problems associated with treated bases and subgrades creating hazardous conditions, premature failures, and reduced performance/service life. This research will explore possible ways to enhance the durability of stabilized geomaterials using innovative next-generation materials including: geopolymers, enzymes, acid-based additives, and other non-calcium-based stabilizers. This study will develop realistic laboratory evaluation techniques for documenting the benefits of these non-traditional stabilizers for both soil stabilization and full depth reclamation purposes. The treatments that perform well in the laboratory will be implemented, where possible, in the field in on-going DOT projects. Additionally, a comparison will be made to traditional stabilizers and a cost-benefit analysis performed to document both financial and environmental saving from the new treatments. 
The case for this research is based on the fact that the only successful widely used traditional stabilizers for Region 6 expansive soils continue to be either lime or cement. These treatments have a solid record and decades of performance history, but non-standard stabilizers continue to be developed, and if successful, could address many of the current environmental concerns as well as the potential secondary issues relating to calcium-based stabilizers such as sulfate heave. These non-standard stabilizers could also offer cost-effective alternatives to the traditional stabilizers, but only if they are shown to be effective long-term. This project will develop realistic laboratory testing procedures which mimic field conditions and develop testing guidelines and criteria that can be used to demonstrate the performance of non-standard stabilizers with site-specific materials. The following tasks will be pursued. Task 1: Literature search; Task 2: Identify applications where non-standard stabilizer should be considered; Task 3: Identify commercially available non-standard stabilizers; Task 4: Develop lab testing protocols and procedures; Task 5: Perform case study testing; Task 6: Develop qualification testing guidelines and acceptance criteria; Task 7: Recommend test sections.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 15:11:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2509295</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Piloting the remote-controlled operation of automated driving shuttles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2505998</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) has been actively exploring the potential of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) to make roadways safer, produce economic and social benefits, and improve efficiency, convenience, and mobility. One initiative was the research project titled "Developing and Operationalizing a Testbed of Connected Self-driving Shuttles to Test and Develop CAV Applications in North Carolina" (NCDOT RP 2022-16). This project successfully developed a fleet of automated shuttles and deployed them on a closed track at NCA&T Gateway Research Park. A follow-up project, RP 2023-35, led to the pilot deployment of NCA&T’s automated shuttles in downtown Greensboro, offering valuable insights into the real-world operation of these vehicles. However, for enhancing and verifying higher levels of driving automation, a critical step remains: removing the need for in-vehicle safety drivers through remote monitoring, assistance, and driving.

Building upon the success of NCDOT RP 2022-16 and RP 2023-35, this research proposal seeks to leverage the existing testbed infrastructure through a Technology Transfer Program project by demonstrating the driverless operation of automated shuttles through the development and implementation of a remote monitoring, assistance, and driving platform. By developing the necessary control, communication, and computational tools, NCA&T will equip the Aggie Auto Shuttles with Remote-Controlled Operation (RCO) capabilities. This will be achieved through: (1) developing a remote emergency stop process to ensure the safety of the vehicles, incorporating the concept of minimal risk condition; (2) developing the hardware and software support for the remote monitoring and operation of automated shuttles; (3) demonstrating the deployment of automated shuttles with no onboard safety driver at NCA&T’s test track; and (4) analyzing and reporting the collected data and the deployment process.

This project therefore demonstrates a proof of concept whereby the research team will develop and test a system that enables the reliable and safe teleoperation of the Aggie Auto Shuttles. This approach will maintain the safety and reliability of the shuttles while removing the physical presence of an in-vehicle safety driver. Having remote access to monitor and control the vehicles will provide a safety fallback option to remotely control the vehicles if needed. This project exemplifies the collaborative efforts required to push the boundaries of innovation in transportation and paves the way for broader adoption of autonomous vehicle technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Feb 2025 17:03:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2505998</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Managing Vehicle-Rail Interface (VRI) Dynamics and Mechanics</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2446878</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary purpose of this study is to perform accurate dynamic measurements on a scaled roller rig designed and constructed by Virginia Tech and the Federal Railroad Administration (VT-FRA Roller Rig). The study also aims at determining the effect of naturally generated third-body layer deposits (because of the wear of the wheel and/or roller) on creep or traction forces. The wheel-rail contact forces, also referred to as traction forces, are critical for all aspects of rail dynamics. These forces are quite complex and they have been the subject of several decades of research, both in experiments and modeling. The primary intent of the VT-FRA Roller Rig is to provide an experimental environment for more accurate testing and evaluation of some of the models currently in existence, as well as evaluate new hypothesis and theories that cannot be verified on other roller rigs available worldwide.

The Rig consists of a wheel and roller in a vertical configuration that allows for closely replicating the boundary conditions of railroad wheel-rail contact via actively controlling all the wheel-rail interface degrees of freedom: angle of attack, cant angle, normal load and lateral displacement, including flanging. The Rig has two sophisticated independent drivelines to precisely control the rotational speed of the wheels, and therefore their relative slip or creepage. The Rig benefits from a novel force measurement system, suitable for steel on steel contact, to precisely measure the contact forces and moments at the wheel-rail contact.

Experimental studies will be conducted on the VT – FRA Roller Rig that involved varying the angle of attack, wheel and rail surface lubricity condition (i.e., wet vs. dry rail), and wheel wear, to study their effect on wheel-rail contact mechanics and dynamics. The wheel-rail contact is in between a one-fourth scale AAR-1B locomotive wheel and a roller machined to US-136 rail profile. A quantitative assessment of the creep-creepage measurements, which is an important metric to evaluate the wheel-rail contact mechanics and dynamics, is presented. A MATLAB routine is developed to generate the creep-creepage curves from measurements conducted as part of a broad experimental study. The shape of the contact patch and its pressure distribution have been discussed. An attempt is made to apply the results to full-scale wheels and flat rails. The research results will help in the development of better simulation models for non-Hertzian contact and non-linear creep theories for wheel-rail contact problems that require further research to more accurately represent the wheel-rail interaction.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 2024 15:30:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2446878</guid>
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