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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the use of recycled and sustainable materials in self-consolidating concrete for underground applications (UTI-UTC 13)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543408</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the mechanical and durability properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) enhanced with recycled and sustainable materials for underground transportation infrastructure applications. The study focuses on incorporating recycled fibers—such as steel fibers recovered from waste tires—and supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and slag to improve sustainability without compromising performance. Experimental efforts include laboratory-scale testing of fiber-reinforced SCC, assessments of fresh and hardened properties, and evaluations of crack propagation and shrinkage resistance. The project also explores the use of geopolymer-based and mortar-based materials in additive manufacturing processes using a large-scale 3D printer, with the aim of developing precast components for tunnel liners and support systems. Outcomes of the research contribute to the advancement of sustainable construction practices and the development of high-performance concrete solutions for underground environments.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 18:48:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543408</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fast Running Application for Evaluating Fire Resilience of Tunnel Systems (UTI-UTC 17)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project develops a fast-running computational application to assess the fire resilience of tunnel systems, with a focus on precast tunnel linings used in highway and rail infrastructure. The tool integrates simplified thermal and structural modeling techniques, allowing for rapid evaluation of tunnel responses under various fire scenarios. It incorporates key variables such as ventilation effects, thermal conductivity, material degradation, and fire-induced spalling. The application is designed to be user-friendly and adaptable, supporting engineers and tunnel operators in emergency preparedness, design optimization, and post-incident evaluation. Calibrated using results from experimental fire testing and validated through finite element analysis, the tool offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative to time-consuming detailed simulations. This research significantly contributes to enhancing the safety, resilience, and performance-based design of underground transportation systems.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 18:24:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543412</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fire Resistance of Tunnel Liners with Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UTI-UTC 18)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543413</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the thermal and structural performance of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) tunnel liners when subjected to fire events. The study focuses on evaluating how various types and dosages of fibers affect critical parameters such as spalling behavior, temperature distribution, and residual mechanical strength of concrete panels under extreme heat exposure. Experimental testing includes full-scale fire simulations to replicate tunnel fire scenarios, alongside thermal and mechanical post-fire assessments. Complementary numerical modeling is used to analyze heat transfer and stress development within the liners. The project aims to develop performance-based criteria and design recommendations for incorporating fiber-reinforced concrete in tunnel lining systems, ultimately enhancing the fire resilience and post-event safety of underground transportation infrastructure.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 18:18:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543413</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaction of Mechanical Systems with Structurally Significant Fire Events (UTI-UTC 25)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project explores the complex interplay between mechanical systems and the structural response of tunnel infrastructure during fire events. The research integrates fire dynamics modeling with structural and mechanical system simulations to assess how fire impacts tunnel linings, support systems, and embedded mechanical elements such as ventilation ducts, electrical conduits, and lighting. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the study evaluates temperature distribution, material degradation, and load redistribution during fire exposure. A key focus is placed on developing a fast-running, Matlab-based assessment tool that incorporates fire source characteristics, ventilation behavior, suppression methods, and tunnel geometry to predict structural vulnerabilities and support emergency response planning. The project aims to deliver actionable insights and modeling tools that improve tunnel design, resilience, and operational safety under fire-induced extreme conditions.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 17:52:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Characterizations of Joints in Segmented Tunnel Liners Due to Flexural and Thrust Jack Loading (UTI-UTC 28)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543421</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the structural behavior of joints in segmented tunnel liners subjected to flexural and thrust jack loading, which are critical conditions encountered during tunnel construction and operation. The project focuses on quantifying the mechanical response of these joints, particularly under load scenarios simulating bending moments and axial forces applied by tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Experimental testing is conducted on full-scale precast concrete segments, including those from the Chesapeake Bay Tunnel project, to assess parameters such as joint stiffness, rotational capacity, and load-bearing performance. The study is complemented by detailed numerical modeling and analytical evaluations to validate test results and improve segmental design methodologies. The outcomes are expected to inform design guidelines and enhance the durability, safety, and reliability of segmented tunnel systems used in modern underground transportation infrastructure.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 17:37:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543421</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilience Assessment of Tunnels Exposed to Blast (UTI-UTC 33)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543426</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims to evaluate and enhance the resilience of tunnel systems subjected to internal blast loads, focusing on both structural integrity and functional performance. Through a combination of computational simulations and experimental validation, the research assesses the dynamic response of tunnel liners, surrounding soil, and structural components to blast-induced pressures. A simplified modeling approach using a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) framework, supported by Winkler foundation theory, is developed to predict deformation and failure mechanisms in reinforced concrete tunnel linings. The model's reliability is verified using data from large-scale testing and finite element analysis. By quantifying damage thresholds and recovery metrics, the project provides tunnel designers and operators with practical tools to evaluate tunnel vulnerability, develop mitigation strategies, and prioritize retrofitting efforts. This work contributes to safer and more resilient underground transportation infrastructure capable of withstanding high-consequence events.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 17:10:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543426</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simplified Calculation of Liner and Soil Deformations in Tunnels Subjected to Internal Explosions (UTI-UTC 34)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims to develop a simplified analytical framework for evaluating the structural response of tunnel liners and surrounding soil systems subjected to internal explosive loads. By applying a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model integrated with Winkler foundation principles, the research provides a practical and efficient method for estimating deformation behavior without the need for full-scale numerical simulations. The framework accounts for varying explosive intensities, tunnel geometry, and material properties to predict the extent of structural damage and ground-structure interaction. Validation is conducted through comparisons with experimental data and higher-fidelity simulations. The outcomes of this project contribute to improving the design and resilience assessment of underground transportation tunnels, especially in scenarios involving accidental or intentional explosive threats.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 17:05:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543427</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding cross passage ground-structure interaction using data from the Seattle Northgate Link transit extension project (UTI-UTC 39)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543429</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project investigates the complex ground-structure interaction that occurs during the construction of cross passages in soft ground tunneling environments. Utilizing detailed instrumentation and monitoring data from the Seattle Northgate Link Transit Extension Project, the study aims to quantify the effects of cross passage excavation on segmental tunnel linings and the surrounding ground. It focuses on assessing deformation patterns, ground movement, and changes in internal tunnel forces induced by cross passage construction activities. The project employs numerical modeling and empirical analysis to validate field observations, offering insights into stress redistribution and liner performance. By improving the understanding of these interactions, the research supports the development of safer and more efficient design guidelines for cross passages, particularly in challenging geotechnical conditions common in urban tunneling projects.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 16:51:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543429</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fire Resistance of Tunnel Surfaces (UTI-UTC 42)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543432</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project investigates the fire resistance performance of various protective coatings and materials applied to tunnel surfaces, with the objective of improving the structural integrity and safety of tunnels during fire events. Focusing on intumescent paints, sprayed fire-resistant materials (SFRM), and fire-resistant tiles, the study evaluates these treatments through a series of standardized fire tests on concrete panels. The research assesses key parameters such as thermal insulation, spalling behavior, and residual structural strength under high temperatures. Data collected from full-scale testing inform the development of predictive models for tunnel liner performance in fire scenarios. The findings contribute to enhanced design guidelines for fire protection in underground infrastructure, supporting safer tunnel operation and more resilient transportation networks.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 16:05:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543432</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Characterizations of Joints in Segmented Tunnel Liners Due to Flexural and Thrust Jack Loading (UTI-UTC 43)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project investigates the mechanical behavior of joints in segmented tunnel liners subjected to flexural and thrust jack loading conditions commonly encountered during tunnel construction and operation. Utilizing both experimental testing and numerical modeling, the research aims to understand the load-deformation response and failure mechanisms at segment joints, particularly under combined loading scenarios. The study is based on data and specimen segments from the Chesapeake Bay Tunnel expansion, with testing conducted to evaluate performance under controlled thrust and bending loads. Analytical models are developed and calibrated to replicate observed behaviors, contributing to more accurate predictions of joint behavior. The outcomes of this project will inform the design and construction of more resilient and efficient segmental tunnel linings, supporting improved safety and performance in underground transportation infrastructure.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 15:59:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TBM Tunnel Liner Design Guidelines</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2100885</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project will develop criteria, guidelines, and recommendations for the design of precast concrete tunneling segments using synthesis, computer simulation, model scale testing, and full-scale testing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2023 11:17:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2100885</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of delamination processes with respect to waterjet shotcrete removal during tunnel liner repair and maintenance (UTI-UTC 04)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1498481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The repair of concrete and shotcrete liners that have been structurally compromised or damaged is a common activity associated with the maintenance and rehabilitation of tunnels and other types of underground workings.  Age, in-situ stresses, geology, chemical and physical decomposition, accidental impacts, and water flow/seepage are but just a few of the many factors that necessitate the repair of these structural systems over time.  In many cases, it is prudent to limit the repair to the isolated removal of the structural liner around the damaged area rather than the complete excavation of large sections of the support system.  In these applications, traditional methods of liner removal include the use of hydraulic or pneumatic hammers that break and excavate the liner material through repetitive percussive impacts.  In operating environments where working heights are less than 20 m, these hammers are usually mounted to articulated booms attached to mobile rubber-tired or track equipment, such as a mechanical scaler.  In applications that extend beyond the reach of conventional scalers, the height of the operating envelope usually necessitates the use of man-lifts, where workers manually remove the damaged areas from these elevated platforms using hand-held equipment.  In both applications, there are significant drawbacks to the use of these traditional methods.  It is a long-held belief that the percussive impacts generated by hydraulic/pneumatic hammers while removing the compromised area of the liner also causes unintentional damage to the surrounding intact shotcrete and/or concrete because of the propagation of fractures and the delamination of the liner from the rock substrate, as well as any contained rebar or wire mesh/screen backing.  In addition, there is a host of potential safety hazards commonly associated with the use of these traditional technologies.  This is particularly true for work performed off of elevated platforms, including the workers close proximity to unstable roof/back, the potential of falling from these platforms, the man-lift tipping or overturning, and the limited ability for rapid egress.

To circumvent these technical and operating challenges, this research seeks to develop a unique system that utilizes waterjet technology as the primary excavation tool.  Building upon the success of previous CSM research activities in underground rock scaling and scarification, empiric evidence indicates that waterjets are capable of selectively removing damaged areas of support liners without structurally compromising or harming intact material around the area being repaired.  The primary research objective is to compare and contrast the unintended damage caused to the surrounding structural liner and rock substrate by both mechanical impact hammers and waterjet excavation methods during empiric testing.  This analysis will involve physical testing on instrumented shotcrete panels designed to quantify fracture propagation, substrate delamination, and stress distribution.  The intent of this research is to facilitate a better understanding of the dynamic excavation processes associated with liner repair in hopes of developing a future prototype system applicable for field testing. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2018 19:46:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1498481</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Continuous automatic detection of cracks in tunnels using machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques for safety monitoring (UTI-UTC 06)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1500813</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Structural monitoring of the tunnel lining is of paramount importance for a multitude of reasons including (1) detection of initial defects and control of costs during construction; (2) continuous monitoring during operation to ensure integrity, safety, and control of costs via incremental repairs and timely interventions; and (3) determination of the level of safety to inform system-level risk assessment and performance analysis.

The overall goals of the project are to: 1) Build a hardware platform for image and data acquisition then use this platform to explore and assess various alternative data acquisition techniques with an eye first to functionality and reliability first and second to cost; 2) Develop and build vehicle mounted data acquisition system with consideration for operational aspects; 3) Develop and build a system for geospatial localization within tunnels or other underground structures; 4) Develop and build a system for tagging data location; and 5) Develop and build a fully automated machine learning system for post-processing of the acquired image database for crack detection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2018 19:32:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1500813</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a blast and fire resistant structural tunnel liner (UTI-UTC 10)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1500821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research effort will initiate with a literature review of blast and fire resistant tunnel systems and examination of the existing case studies on past events. The scope of demands to be considered will be determined through preliminary analytical evaluations of a set of tunnel types subject to a range of demands (i.e., small/large Improvised explosive device, vehicle fire / fuel transport vehicle fire). Preliminary designs developed based on first principles and current state of the art will be numerically evaluated under the range of load expected. Numerical models will be verified using case study data. The designs will be refined using parametric evaluations. Preliminary experimental investigation of the prototype liner will be conducted to verify resistance to close in blast and fire exposure. Testing will be conducted at facilities available at Lehigh University and Colorado School of Mines. Based on preliminary results designs may be altered to enhance performance and final verifications will be experimentally conducted. Cost and construction efficiencies will be incorporated during the development phases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2018 16:16:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1500821</guid>
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