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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Performance and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Field Applied Stains for Highway Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2643443</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research tests the use of on-site (in the field) infrastructure treatments, to address the problem of delays and cost when guardrail, signposts, and other infrastructure must be sent
to a factory for treatment before installation. If on-site treatment is effective, it can save time and money, and improve safety by minimizing the use of temporary solutions. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2025 14:10:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2643443</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Device to Optimize Crashworthiness of Breakaway Sign Support System to Meet AASHTO MASH</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2505728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project will develop a device that will improve the crashworthiness of small sign breakaway support systems. The majority of these systems have not been successfully tested to the guidelines of the AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). The most common observed crash testing failure is the sign panels and sign support rotating into the windshield and roof and causing excessive deformation or penetration of the occupant compartment. The device to be developed in this project will attach to the small sign support system to change the rotation and trajectory of the breakaway components after an impact so that the breakaway components do not strike the windshield or the rear window or the roof of the impacting vehicle. The device is expected to work on a wide variety of existing breakaway sign support configurations. The behavior of existing sign supports will be adjusted by optimizing size, mass, and location of the device through simulated tests. The results of simulated tests will be validated through crash tests with a small car and a pickup truck surrogate vehicles and one or two sign support system configuration(s) with the prototype device attached. If successful, the mass and height of the mass necessary for each configuration to produce a crashworthy behavior will be determined. The results will be input into a program so that the mass and height can be calculated for any configuration.   ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 2025 22:23:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2505728</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Application of MASH Test Criteria to Breakaway Sign and Luminaire Supports and Crashworthy Work Zone Traffic Control Devices



</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2433905</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent crash testing of small and medium sign supports and work-zone devices has been problematic for both of the test vehicles required in the 2009 AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). Many of these designs have previously been successfully full-scale crash tested under NCHRP Report 350: Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features. Only the small car (1800-lb, Geo Metro or similar) test was performed under NCHRP Report 350. MASH requires testing with both a small car (2420-lb, Kia Rio or similar) and a pickup truck (5000-lb, ½-ton Dodge Quad Cab or similar) into these types of devices. Occupant Impact Velocities (OIVs) and Occupant Ride-Down Accelerations (ORAs) have not been a problem because of the increased weight of the test vehicles, even with the commensurate reduction in impact speed in MASH Test 3-60. However, the change in frontal geometry (i.e., bumper heights, increased frontal area, and wrap around distances) and increased ground clearance has changed the interaction between the vehicle and object struck. In general, small and medium sign supports used to pass over the top of the impacting vehicle with limited or no vehicle contact. With the newer MASH test vehicles, sign supports are now striking the windshield and roof of the test vehicles and failing the occupant compartment intrusion and/or penetration requirements of MASH. Similarly, vehicle collisions with portable work-zone devices are causing unacceptable windshield and roof penetrations and/or deformations as well as floor pan penetrations. No testing has been conducted to date on luminaires (light poles) under MASH, but this recent testing on other breakaway and portable work-zone devices raises questions as to the expected performance of breakaway luminaire poles under the MASH impact safety criteria. The addition of objective vehicle intrusion and deformation criteria has also brought into question the future usefulness of pendulum/bogie testing of breakaway and crashworthy designs.
 

The objective of this research is to identify and evaluate the crash performance of breakaway sign and luminaire supports and crashworthy work-zone traffic control devices that are non-proprietary and commonly used. The evaluation should address their in-service safety performance, potential failure modes (and, if possible, design modifications that might address those failure modes), and their likelihood to comply with the current MASH crash test criteria.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Sep 2024 17:40:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2433905</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Examination of Current U.S. and EU Crash Test Evaluation Criteria for Sign and Luminaire Support Structures and Work Zone Devices</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2381718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) provides guidelines for crash testing roadside features and evaluation criteria to assess the test results. Using the philosophy of the “state of the possible,” the developers of MASH set lower occupant impact velocity (OIV) limits for sign and luminaire support structures and work zone devices than other roadside features because of the assumed relative ease in obtaining compliant test results for breakaway devices. The OIV limits are 4.9 m/s for all types of supports, whereas the limits for all other highway safety devices are 12.2 m/s. However, developing MASH-compliant devices in these families has proven difficult because of the conservative change in velocity requirements as well as occupant compartment deformation and penetration criteria. 

The current occupant risk criteria for these families of devices may preclude the use of energy-absorbing devices (e.g., poles, signs), which might ultimately be more conducive to favorable real-world crash outcomes in some applications. Energy-absorbing support structures are designed to decelerate a vehicle rather than allow it to break through with minimal speed reduction. Europe has developed a test standard to evaluate supports that uses the entire spectrum of support structures and occupant risk outcomes: EN12767, Passive safety of support structures for road equipment – Requirements and test methods. EN12767 accommodates the evaluation criteria in MASH but expands on possible outcomes based on the type of support structure, such as breakaway or energy-absorbing devices. 

Research is needed to collect available data on these types of devices and examine the test results with current U.S. and European Union (EU) standards to determine how concepts from the EU standards might be incorporated into MASH hardware evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this project is to examine current U.S. and EU roadside safety hardware crash test criteria for sign and luminaire support structures and work zone devices and investigate how concepts from EU standards might be suitable for the United States.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2024 16:54:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2381718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determination of U-Bolt Connection Fatigue Load Capacities in Overhead Sign Support Structures</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
Although they have appeared to perform well, the actual load capacities of U-bolt connections used in Iowa DOT steel overhead sign trusses are not known because they are used in ways that do not match available manufacturer data. A previous phase of this research initiated the determination of the load capacity of these U-bolt connections through limited laboratory tests and parametric studies performed on finite element (FE) models. It was noted at the conclusion of that work that additional laboratory tests should be performed on high-strength U-bolts subject to static loading in multiple directions and that the fatigue performance of the U-bolt connection should be investigated to understand the impact of repeated loads near the yield load. In order to resolve the concerns left from the previous phase of this research, this proposal is drafted with the goal of investigating the fatigue behavior of the U-bolt connections, evaluating the fatigue capacity of the U-bolt connections used on SOST, and validating the analytical results developed in the previous research. To achieve the proposed objectives, an eight-task 36-month research plan was developed, including conducting field monitoring, analytical simulation, and multiple stages of laboratory tests. The research results will assist engineers in effectively and efficiently designing overhead sign support sign structures without concern for the capacity and safety of the U-bolt connections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 17:19:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344946</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue Characterization of Galvanized Welded Connections</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2015225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Galvanizing is a common corrosion protection method used in highway structures, particularly for sign and lighting structures, and increasingly for bridge applications. There is some evidence of premature fatigue cracking occurring in in-service galvanized structures, and some limited studies have demonstrated lower fatigue resistance of galvanized specimens compared against non-galvanized specimens. These studies have been focused on a limited number of full-scale tests, and the issue of reduced fatigue strength of welded connections has not been studied in a systematic manner.
To investigate the fatigue performance of welded connections that have been galvanized, a series of 10 welded specimens will be tested under cyclic fatigue loading. The geometry of the fatigue specimens is shown in Figure 1. The specimens will be fabricated from two plates that have been joined with a submerged arc weld (SAW) and verified to be free of defects with radiographic tests.
Seven of the specimens will be galvanized before testing, and three of the specimens will be left as black steel (ungalvanized) and tested as control specimens. Galvanizing will be performed at the University of Kansas in the Learned Highbay; an active/charged galvanizing kettle is available for use in that facility for this project. All specimens to be galvanized will be dipped for a consistent amount of time (anticipated to be approximately 20 minutes) so that coatings are developed with similar thicknesses. Specimens will be prepared through degreasing and pickling or blasting before galvanizing.
It is anticipated that all fatigue tests will be performed at a stress range of 20 ksi, which is greater than the constant-amplitude fatigue limit for Category B fatigue details (16 ksi). Test results between galvanized and ungalvanized specimens will be compared to characterize the sensitivity of welded connections under fatigue loading to galvanizing. Fatigue testing will be performed using the closed-loop servo-controlled Instron universal testing machine in the Lutz Fatigue & Fracture Laboratory at KU. 
To supplement information gained through the fatigue tests, a series of Charpy V-Notch (CVN) specimens will also be tested, as a reasonable proxy for fracture resistance. The purpose of the CVN tests will be to study the toughness of galvanized steel vs. ungalvanized steel. Three groups of CVN specimens will be considered: ungalvanized CVNs, CVNs fabricated from the steel plate and then galvanized, and CVNs fabricated from the plate after it has been galvanized. Thirty CVN specimens from each group (90 total) will be tested using an impact hammer in the Lutz Fatigue & Fracture Laboratory at the University of Kansas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2022 17:27:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2015225</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue Characterization and Improvement of Cantilevered Sign Structure Box Connections</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2015219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cantilevered overhead sign structures are susceptible to fatigue issues at the connection between the pole and mast arm due to stresses caused by galloping, natural wind gusts, and truck-induced wind gusts. In some cases, box connections in the KDOT inventory have failed in fatigue. As the behavior of these box connection details are not well understood, their expected fatigue life is currently unknown. This limits KDOT’s ability to identify which structures should be considered for repair, replacement, or retrofit. Therefore, there is a clear need to characterize the expected fatigue life of the connection detail. Additionally, there may be a need to improve the fatigue performance of this connection by developing an improved connection detail and/or retrofit.
To assess the fatigue performance of the cantilevered box connection, a research program including both analytical modeling and physical testing is needed. Analytical modeling is required to develop appropriate specimen geometry and loading to be used during experimental testing. Physical testing will then be performed on full-scale box connection components in the laboratory to assess their fatigue performance. Fatigue resistance will be quantified in terms of S-N curve development, identifying the appropriate fatigue classification for existing connection details. It is anticipated that between 10 and 15 fatigue tests will be performed. A final test matrix will be informed by a comprehensive literature review and the initial analytical modeling, and developed with
input provided by KDOT. Additional analytical modeling will then be performed to examine parameters contributing to fatigue performance. Based on this, modifications and/or retrofits to improve fatigue resistance will be developed and examined analytically. One specific detail that will be examined is the application of an external stiffening ring.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2022 15:55:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2015219</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPR-2323: Highway Sign Support Systems: Condition Assessment Deterioration Models and Asset Management</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2003106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project objectives are to: (1) Evaluate and recommend an update to the current inspection standard and practices, as needed, for the collection of any additional inspection inventory data to support and sustain the deterioration modeling, risk assessments, and benefit-to-cost ratio analysis determined by these research findings.
(2) Investigate and develop complementary Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) methods.
(3) Structures to evaluate: overhead sign supports (cantilever and box), bridge mounted supports, signal supports, and high mast lighting supports. (4) Develop sign support system deterioration models and provide support to Bridge Management System (BMS) integration. (5) Develop benefit-to-cost ratio analysis model for optimum maintenance resource allocation.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Aug 2022 00:29:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2003106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In-Service Performance Evaluation (ISPE) of Roadway Safety Features</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1861146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is a long-standing policy of the Federal Highway Administration that National Highway System roadside safety hardware -- such as longitudinal barriers, sign supports, guardrail terminals, and work zone devices -- demonstrate crashworthiness. Currently, state and local transportation agencies assess performance according to the crash test and evaluation methods prescribed in the AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). Over the last 40 years, in each re-writing of crash test and evaluation procedures, a recurring theme has been the recommendation to conduct in-service performance evaluations (ISPEs) of roadside safety hardware. Research documented in the National Cooperative Highway Research Project (NCHRP) Report 230, NCHRP Report 350, and NCHRP Report 490 recounts the benefits of a continuous monitoring of roadside safety hardware. Most recently, the ongoing NCHRP 22-33 project, Multi-State In-Service Performance Evaluations of Roadside Safety Hardware, has developed and is currently piloting an evaluation method designed for use by all states in a compatible and consistent manner. This pooled fund study will give states the opportunity to collaborate by sharing data and experiences in assessing the performance of in-service roadside safety hardware.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this pooled fund study is to evaluate the performance of roadside safety hardware in the field through inter-state collaboration by using standardized data collection and data analysis with a uniform interpretation of results. The second objective is to provide a forum for states to share ISPE data, experiences, practices, information, and resources. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jun 2021 07:46:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1861146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Vibration Mitigation Techniques for KDOT Cantilever and Butterfly Sign Structures</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1736399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cantilever and butterfly sign structures are susceptible to free vibrations induced by natural wind and truck gust loadings, as well as “galloping” responses to wind. When these vibrations are left uncontrolled, they can lead to cracking at the box connections between the cantilevered truss and the vertical support. Calculations performed by Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) engineers have indicated that the box connection details are susceptible to fatigue, and in fact, have recently replaced a cantilever sign that experienced severe cracking. Solutions are urgently needed to lower the vibration-induced fatigue stresses at box connections in these structures to effectively lengthen the safe useable lives of these expensive and low-redundancy structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2020 13:47:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1736399</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Initial Analytical Investigation of Cantilever and Butterfly Steel Overhead Sign Trusses with Respect to Remaining Fatigue Life</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1736392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to evaluate an estimate of the remaining life in cantilever and butterfly steel overhead sign trusses based on American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) specifications and to develop automated C# software that performs the following:
(1) Utilizes the Kansas wind speed database established during the earlier project (KSU-17-4) by extending it to every county in the state of Kansas.
(2) Computes the equivalent static wind loading for the fatigue analysis based on the galloping-induced cyclic loads, natural wind gust pressure and truck-induced gust pressure.
(3) Develops an interface to model cantilever and butterfly sign trusses in STAAD Pro.
(4) Drives STAAD Pro to analyze the various types of overhead sign trusses and generates the stress ranges corresponding to every structural component.
(5) Evaluates the remaining fatigue life for each steel component based on the damage accumulation accounted for through ratios of actual to ultimate cycle repetitions (Minor rule).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2020 13:15:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1736392</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Full-Scale Wall of Wind Testing of Variable Message Signs (VMS) Structures to Develop Drag Coefficients for AASHTO Supports Specifications</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1474339</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies on highways is an attractive option for traffic facility operators. Variable Message Signs (VMS) are the cornerstone of ITS infrastructure as they relay messages to motorists for warnings of hazards ahead such as fog, traffic congestion, accidents, construction, and lane closings. VMS messages are of paramount importance in ensuring safety and avoiding fatal crashes (such as the multi-vehicle accident and fatalities along I-75 of Gainesville, Florida, in January 2012 when drivers were blinded by a combination of fog and smoke caused by a nearby brushfire). The objective of this project is to develop accurate drag coefficients for incorporation in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Supports Specifications to foster safer and more economic design of VMS structures. The research will: (1) perform full-scale wind (and rain) testing of VMS structures (or portions thereof) at the 12-fan Wall of Wind facility (WoW) of Florida International University (FIU) and measure drag, gust effects, system responses, and failure modes (if any) under a range of service level and extreme wind conditions; (2) compare WoW data to available field measurements for fatigue wind velocities; (3) develop drag coefficients for both fatigue and extreme wind (and rain) conditions; (4) determine fatigue behavior and extreme event failure of connections, members, and foundations subjected to WoW test-based data using dynamic finite element modeling at the University of Alabama, Birmingham (UAB); (5) quantify possible economic benefits gained when using separate drag coefficients for fatigue and ultimate strength design and assess the impact of new coefficients on the design of structural supports; and (6) develop new specifications for AASHTO by stipulating separate drag coefficients to use with fatigue and extreme wind loading for design of VMS structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Jul 2017 01:02:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1474339</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wind Drag Coefficients for Highway Signs and Support Structures</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1467312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With increased traffic, multi-lane highways, and complex highway interchanges, highway signs play an important role in the safe operation of the nation’s transportation network. In the past, it was common to see a single large sign supported by a truss structure. In order to improve highway safety and operations, both static signs and dynamic message sign (DMS) must be used to communicate more frequently with drivers. These signs are typically larger and much heavier than the typical highway signs used in the past.
Given that wind is the main load that affects these structures during their lifetime, accurate calculation of the wind loads is essential. The existing specification needed to be updated to incorporate more current and accurate information on how the wind drag coefficient varies with (1) sign geometrical parameters (e.g., sign aspect ratio, ground clearance, and sign thickness), (2) shape of signs, and (3) type of supporting structures (e.g., signs are attached to a bridge superstructure vs. an overhead sign truss). 
The objective of this research was to propose revisions to the wind drag coefficients in the AASHTO LRFD Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals (LRFDLTS-1). At a minimum, the research shall develop a methodology and design examples to calculate wind drag coefficients for signs and supporting structure members that are included in the LRFDLTS-1.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 May 2017 12:23:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1467312</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Smart Installation and Monitoring System for Large Anchor Bolts of Support Structure for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1442751</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project was aimed at providing an improvement on the current inspection methods for detecting loose anchor bolts used in highway support structures. A capacitance-based smart washer system was developed and the final prototype was studied in two stages. Stage 1 of the project performed tests in the  laboratory to develop a sensor system prototype with a calibration curve that was able to correlate the capacitance reading and pretension inside the anchor bolts. However, when the system was applied a sign structure specimen, it was found to have severe insulation issues that could lead to failure of capacitance reading. Subsequently, a second prototype was developed using 3D printed PLA attachments to improve insulation. This prototype provided sufficient insulation from steel sign structures and output stable capacitance readings on sign structure specimen. A calibration curve was developed and the relationship between anchor bolt pretension and capacitance readings was finalized. Stage 2 of the project was to monitor the performance of the smart washer system in a long-term manner and in-field situation. It was found that the sensor system was sensitive to environmental factors especially rain that could short circuit system. After applying a simple double-layered plastic waterproof cover on the sensor system, the interruption from humidity was eliminated and stable capacitance readings were recorded again for consecutive 12 months. It is recommended that necessary waterproof protection should be introduced to the sensor system in the field environment to protect the system from environmental issues such as humidity. In conclusion, the concept and prototype of the smart washer system were proven efficient to detect pretension changes inside the anchor bolts. With proper waterproof protections for outdoor use, the smart washer system holds a great potential for improving inspections on loose anchor bolts of highway support structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 14 Jan 2017 10:49:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1442751</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weathering Steel Sign Structures Condition Assessment- Phase I</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1326961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rational decision-making and prioritization regarding the maintenance and replacement of various weathering steel sign structures may be executed objectively only when a representative framework is developed. As such, this project aims to assist the West Virginia Department of Highways (WVDOH) in the management of the weathering steel sign structures inventory through appropriate inspection and evaluation of their current condition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2014 01:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1326961</guid>
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