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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Analysis of Drugged Driving Investigations and Sanction</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1656465</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of this project are to (1) document the relationship between type of impaired driving law and law enforcement investigations for drugged driving, and (2) evaluate the effectiveness of a Driving Under the Influence of Drugs other than alcohol (DUID) sanction. The project will obtain and examine archival data relevant to DUID enforcement (specifically, of investigations of suspected drugged driving violations and sanctions for drugged driving violations) in up to six jurisdictions and report the findings. The project also will examine the sanction(s) used for DUID in the selected jurisdictions. The sanctions used for alcohol-impaired driving violations and DUID violations are often the same. Common sanctions include treatment, imprisonment, fines, intensive monitoring, restitution, education, and community service. The sanctions to study could be common or could be unique or novel. The outcome of this project will assist States in determining how best to address drug-impaired driving enforcement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Oct 2019 15:51:12 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Exploring the Importance of Personality Traits, Sanctions, and Fear Appeals on Teen Driver Cell Phone Usage and Texting While Driving (TWD) Law Compliance</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1364459</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study will investigate the role of the personality, fear appeals, and sanctions as factors which may be associated with the motivation to adopt safety behaviors and to comply with regulations regarding texting while driving (TWD). The objective is to determine how organizations can use knowledge about a teenage driver's disposition to design more effective methods to deter texting while driving (TWD) behaviors. According to the General Deterrence Theory (GDT,) "Individuals make a rational assessment of the relative benefits and costs of policy violations by evaluating the potential sanctions for violating policies (Bulgurcu et al., 2010; Siponen &amp; Vance,  2010)." There are three key variables associated with this theory: sanction certainty, sanction severity, and sanction celerity. Of the three variables, the project will test sanction certainty and sanction severity. Furthermore, the GDT literature states that, "research has shown consistently that sanction fear predicts various criminal and deviant behaviors (Nagin and Pogarsky 2001, Tittle 1980)." Therefore, GDT predicts that "the greater the certainty and severity of sanctions for an illicit act, the more individuals are deterred from that act (Gibbs 1975)." Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), on the other hand, suggests that "individuals assess a threat and their ability to cope with that threat (Anderson &amp; Agarwal, 2010; Johnston &amp; Warkentin, 2010)." Threat Appraisal is composed of two factors - Threat Susceptibility and Threat Severity - while Coping Appraisal is composed of three factors - Response Efficacy, Self-Efficacy, and Response Cost. The "Big Five" Personality Traits included in the model are openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2015 01:01:17 GMT</pubDate>
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