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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>COLLABORATIVE: Quantifying erosion and load transfer mechanisms of geosynthetic reinforced coastal pavement subgrades and embankments during inundation events (TAMU/TXST)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2663227</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Project Description: Transportation infrastructure in coastal regions is highly susceptible to soil erosion and subgrade degradation under frequent inundation events caused by storm surges. Fines within the subgrade are washed out due to flood-induced subsurface flow, while overflowing water along embankments results in overtopping and eventually leads to surficial erosion and complete collapse. These processes result in embankment and pavement failures; addressing these issues requires novel and innovative infrastructure durability solutions. One approach that combines hydraulic protection of subsoils with reduced soil erosion and provides drainage to recede floodwaters from infrastructure is geosynthetics. Geosynthetics, like geocomposites and turf-reinforced mats (TRMs), are often used to control erosion in slopes and levees from overtopping and rainfall. Also, the use of geosynthetics is increasingly growing for pavement reinforcement applications. These well-established benefits of geosynthetics can be combined and effectively applied for coastal transportation infrastructure that often sees failures following inundation events. Hence, this research study focuses on evaluating geosynthetics to solve both embankment erosion and maintain drainable and resilient subgrade foundations to support coastal transportation infrastructure. 
Geosynthetic Reinforcement of Coastal Embankment Slopes: TRMs and geocomposites will be studied for this application. Texas State University (TXST) will measure the erosion characteristics of the test materials using the erosion function apparatus (EFA). The EFA will quantify the erosion rates of the soil with and without the protection of these geosynthetic layers under varying hydraulic stresses, providing insights into soil erodibility and material performance. Texas A&M (TAMU) will conduct small-scale flume erosion studies on model embankment slopes using a coastal, sandy soil. Flume studies on embankment slopes built with and without geosynthetic reinforcements will be subjected to overtopping and inundation flow conditions for various time periods. Erosion patterns will be studied via laser and digital image scans. These data will also assess the role of geocomposites and TRMs on mitigating soil erosion and enhancing slope stability.  
Geosynthetic Reinforcement of Coastal Pavement Subgrade Foundations: TAMU flume study results will yield erosion patterns, more specifically void patterns, that will be used to create an  “eroded” pavement structure. These artificial voids will be created inside a large box setup, with 12 to 18 in. of subgrade supporting a flexbase aggregate base layer. These box samples will be instrumented with moisture probes, pressure cells, and MEMS deformation sensors. Each model pavement will be subjected to cyclic plate load tests to study and evaluate the load-bearing capacity and load transfer mechanism from repeated loads to the underlying subgrades. The same tests will be performed on the samples after they are inundated. The role of geocomposites both before and after exposure to moisture inundation, as well as load transfer mechanisms on subgrades with erosion-simulated voids, will be evaluated.
This is a collaborative project between Texas A&M University (TAMU) and Texas State University (TXST). Flume and large-scale box studies will be performed at TAMU Galveston campus and Center for Infrastructure Research (CIR) laboratories, respectively. TXST will perform the EFA with geosynthetic layers experiments. EFA studies focus on evaluating the critical shear stresses (i.e., hydraulic shear stresses at which soil erosion initiates) of the reinforced/unreinforced subsoils. Changes in critical shear stress at discontinuities such as gravel/sand interfaces will be of particular interest.  These combined results will generate a comprehensive understanding of the potential improvements of embankment and foundation reinforcement using advanced geosynthetic materials in providing resilient support to transportation infrastructure in coastal corridors. The results of this project will be used to design Phase II with coastal railroad track embankments.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Jan 2026 11:12:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2663227</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Novel Durability Screening Method for Stabilized Geomaterials</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2577122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is a common practice to chemically stabilize marginalized bases, subbases, and subgrade geomaterials to improve their geomechanical properties and durability performances. This research will provide guidance for the selection of appropriate chemical additives and optimized content for their use in pavement construction and design. Phases of the work include literature review, formulation of durability cycle, selection of four soil types and one stabilizer type; engineering, microstructural, and chemical studies; and analysis and recommendation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 11:51:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2577122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gravel Road Performance Enhancements – Phase II</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2507250</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The quality of gravel road materials (e.g., abrasion resistance, freeze/thaw durability) is very important, since common surface deteriorations such as material loss, gradation change, loss of crown, surface erosion, rutting, washboarding and potholes can be directly related to the quality of the materials used in these roadways. In particular, the aforementioned deteriorations following the use of low-quality aggregates and improper gravel surface gradation can cause severe rutting and washboarding problems for gravel roadways. The importance of the index properties of gravel road surface materials such as maximum aggregate size, gradation, plasticity, and quality has long been recognized. However, most state department of transportation (DOT) specifications for gradation and plasticity of gravel road-surface materials are neither performance-based nor strictly executed. Consequently, considerable variation exists in the performance and durability of gravel roads, and substantial amounts of the freshly placed material for maintenance and repair rapidly degrades to smaller particles and dust. To address these challenges, the Nebraska Department of Transportation (NDOT) initiated the first phase of the proposed project “Gravel Road Performance Enhancements-Phase I”. The first phase of the project has conducted a comprehensive laboratory study to evaluate the efficiency of mixing gravel road surface materials with different size aggregates and subgrade soils on improving the performance of granular roads. Approximately, 13 gravel road surface materials and 4 subgrade soils were collected from four different counties (Douglas, Cherry, Scotts Bluff, and Harlan) in Nebraska that experienced significant road distresses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2025 14:11:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2507250</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>2319 Comparative Performance of Geotextile Products for Subgrade Stabilization through Plate Load Tests</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2434203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Different geosynthetic manufacturers and suppliers continuously produce newer subgrade stabilization products and advocate for their use in the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT)-sponsored and other roadway projects in Oklahoma, which makes it essential for ODOT to have an objective and reliable set of guidelines and product evaluation program for the acceptance and use of such products based on their measured performance in conjunction with soils that would be representative of those encountered regularly across the state. This project aims to address this need for ODOT by testing different subgrade stabilization geotextile products using nominally identical aggregate base-subgrade models in the laboratory so that their performances can be quantified and compared consistently and reliably in terms of their corresponding Settlement Reduction Factors (SRF) and Traffic Benefit Ratios (TBR) for field applications (Mahmood 2013). These factors can help ODOT engineers quantify the benefit of individual geotextile products directly relative to unreinforced (i.e. control) conditions, especially to implement for the project conditions and requirements they encounter in Oklahoma. The research team will also search for any data available from other states to determine any specific trends and variations in the TBR and SRF values for different geotextile products on subgrade soils in Oklahoma as compared to those reported on other subgrades, which can also be beneficial for verification purposes relative to the results of the study. ASTM D 8462 (ASTM 2022) will be used to carry out the plate load tests. The products that will be included in this study are those which are most often used in Oklahoma, as well as those promoted by other manufacturers as equivalent alternatives at lower prices, and higher-end products to determine practical upper-bound values for the benefits expected from subgrade stabilization products for future cost benefit analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Sep 2024 15:59:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2434203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Portland Limestone Cement-Treated Subgrade Soils and Bases in Kansas</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2255786</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the sustainability, benefit of Portland-limestone cement (PLC) (also referred to as Type IL cement) by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 10%, it has been increasingly used to replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in civil engineering applications. In the US and Canada, PLCs are made with Portland cement and between 5% and 15% fine limestone. This type of cement has been considered to have equivalent performance to Type I Portland cement; therefore, a 1:1 replacement policy has been adopted. The conclusion that performance is equivalent was based on testing of ready-mixed concrete or structural concrete. Cement has also been commonly used to treat subgrade soils and bases. Subgrade soils often contain fine particles, including clay particles that can have different minerals. It is well recognized that chemical reactions between cement and clay particles are different from those between cement and aggregates. Since cement-treated subgrade soils and cement-treated bases (CTB) use a smaller amount of cement than concrete, their properties may be more sensitive to possible property changes of limestone cement. Unfortunately, PLC-treated subgrade soils and bases have not been well evaluated; therefore, it is necessary and important to evaluate the performance of PLC mixed with subgrade soils and base materials. This proposed study will evaluate the properties of PLC-treated subgrade soils and treated bases in Kansas as compared with those treated with Type I OPC using laboratory tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Sep 2023 17:47:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2255786</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lightweight Deflectometer (LWD) Assessment for Quality Assurance</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2151380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lightweight Deflectometer (LWD) is proposed to replace nuclear gauge compaction testing. Tasks include: (1) Literature Review of current best practices using Lightweight Deflectometers for assurance and acceptance, (2) laboratory and field testing existing 
Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOT&PF) Capital Projects in Northern Region and Central Region compared with nuclear testing and results, (3) draft LWD special provisions for DOT&PF quality control and acceptance of soils and aggregates, guidelines for DOT&PF project testing using LWD, (4) training materials for DOT&PF staff to use LWD. Project includes quarterly reporting as well as interim report and final report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Apr 2023 19:38:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2151380</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Stabilizing Agent for Poor Subgrade Soils and Embankments</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1904965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Arkansas produces the largest amount of rice in the United States. About 20% of the paddy is rice hull
(RH). When burnt, 20% of RH is transformed into rice husk ash (RHA). Riceland Foods Inc., a family
farmer-owned business in Arkansas, is the largest rice miller in the U.S. with an annual production of about
100 million bushels. A significant portion of RHA generated by Riceland is being treated as waste. RHA is
a cementitious material, and Riceland's RHA contains about 75% silica in an amorphous form and has an
extremely high surface area. RHA is also economically beneficial in stabilizing poor subgrade soils and
embankments, but its performance as a construction material has been investigated very little. RHA can
potentially be used as a stabilizing agent for poor subgrade and embankment soils, which are very common
in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and other states.
The main objective of the proposed collaborative study between Arkansas State University (A-State) and
Oklahoma State University (OSU) is to assess the feasibility of the use of RHA in stabilizing poor subgrade
and embankment soils through laboratory investigation. Based on the laboratory testing and results of this
project, the investigators of this project will have a good understanding of the important features and
efficacy of RHA as a stabilizing agent for poor soils. In particular, if there are short-term and long-term
reactions, whether there are new minerals form as a result of the reactions, and whether the
stabilization/modification processes are temporary or permanent will be understood.
The outcome of the proposed study is expected to be important in setting the direction of the sustainable
use of RHA and be a significant cost saving for transportation agencies in Region 6, which consists of
Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Texas, and New Mexico. In the long run, the outcomes of the proposed
study will help local farmers to be economically sustainable as they are striving to find new markets for
RHA. Furthermore, the A-State and OSU teams would like to utilize their resources and expertise in a
unified and close collaboration way in maximizing the research outcome for likely adoption of this
industrial by-product by transportation departments and other agencies within Region 6, and across the US.
Therefore, a quite comprehensive and detailed study is proposed by both universities.
This study will develop tools and materials for longer-lasting infrastructure, assess the feasibility of using
local industry-generated RHA in the Mississippi Delta area, and establish strong collaborative records
among partner institutions and local industries in the region. The benefits of the proposed study are
multifold: (a) reuse of waste materials in transportation construction projects, (b) enhance training
opportunities for students in the region, (c) help local farmers to be economically sustainable in the long
run, (d) establish a new collaborative partnership with two major universities in Region 6, and (e) build a
future workforce.
This study supports multiple focus areas of Tran-SET: (1) Improving durability and extending the life of
the infrastructure; (2) Preserving the environment; and (3) Other Regional priorities. The proposed study is
aligned with a FAST track regional priority “Multiscale characterization of recyclable waste materials in
transportation applications for achieving economical and material sustainability,” having a primary focus
of “Recycling infrastructure assets.” RHA is a locally available waster material, which can be used to
improve the quality of local materials, which are typically poor to withstand increasing traffic loads and
extreme environmental events. On the other hand, RHA causes huge environmental burdens. Besides
regional priorities, this project strongly supports the Center’s FAST focus areas 4 and 5.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Jan 2022 14:26:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1904965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geotechnical Database, Phase IV</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1768549</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The implementation of HoleBASE for district data was a successful outcome of the Phase III research. The use of HoleBASE is currently limited to shallow subgrade soil surveys and dynamic cone penetrometer data. Therefore, the Department’s deep soil boring and cone penetrometer (CPT) data have not yet benefitted from the implementation of HBSI during the previous phase of research.

This proposed phase, Phase IV, will focus on updating Phase 1 to modern platforms that will stand the test of time, and allow, again, Geographic Information System (GIS) display of the data, addressing the connections issues related to previous phases and enhancements to move the database forward.

With the recent acquisition of Keynetix by Bentley, OpenGround Cloud (which is the Cloud-based version of the HoleBASE software implemented in Phase III) will replace gINT. This project will research and connect data during this transition. Additionally, the implementation of the Data Interchange for Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Specialists (DIGGS) is a goal of the Department. The project will research and assist Section 67 with the implementation of DIGGS to allow for the collection of geotechnical data from retainer consultants and other entities and agencies.

The deep borings and CPTs represent the majority of geotechnical data consumed by the Department and would therefore benefit from a move to an all-in-one database/mapping/database management solution. It appears that the features of HBSI or a similar all-in-one solution would streamline many processes for the Pavements & Geotechnical section as well as the Materials Lab.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Feb 2021 15:28:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1768549</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPR-4414: Use of Geosynthetics on Subgrade and on Low and Variable Fill Foundations</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1646226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of the project is to create the knowledge necessary to use geosynthetics properly to benefit INDOT and to encourage INDOT to use them in construction. The project builds on the current design procedures and specifications that INDOT has and complements them for the applications of interest to the project, namely: subgrade improvement, subgrade foundation, embankment foundation, and construction of fill on poor or wet soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Aug 2019 16:28:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1646226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design, Construction and Performance Monitoring of Stabilization of Expansive Soils and Cement</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1641391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many areas in Texas have problems stabilizing expansive soils with traditional stabilizers (i.e. lime, cement, fly ash, or in combination) because of the high levels of sulfates in the soil. Many major pavement failures have occurred due to lime/cement induced sulfate heaves. In addition, reflection cracks from cement treated bases have been reported in numerous projects. Expansive soils have caused extensive pavement heaves, bumps and longitudinal cracks. Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is actively looking for alternatives to stabilize expansive soils and cement treated bases with polypropylene fiber. There is a critical need to incorporate fiber in TxDOT's Modification and Stabilization of Soils and Base for Use in Pavement Structures guidelines. This project aims to develop appropriate laboratory test methods to evaluate mix designs for (1) fiber reinforced cement treated base, (2) fiber reinforced clay, and (3) fiber reinforced sandy soil. In addition, researchers will provide assistance to TxDOT Districts to develop optimum fiber application rates and establish specifications and construction quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) plans for uniform mixing. They will conduct laboratory tests to determine optimum fiber application rates for cement treated base and 6 different subgrade soils. One key issue that Researchers will address in this study is an evaluation of the mix technologies that ensure fibers are mixed uniformly in the field. Researchers will use the Wirtgen Reclaimer as the initial device for mixing fibers into the material being stabilized. Researchers will progress to other common construction equipment and processes to achieve the optimum mixing results. This study will investigate innovative Nondestructive Testing (NDT) tools to (1) assist site characterization, (2) select candidate test sections, (3) identify sampling locations, (4) provide input on mix design process, (5) provide Input during QC/QA process, and (6) monitor field performance of the test section. Researchers will document the optimal construction techniques and identify time and cost savings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2019 17:21:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1641391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Carbonating Subgrade Materials for In Situ Soil Stabilization (2.9)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1590590</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ground improvement is the in situ alteration of the ground’s material properties, with the ultimate goal of strengthening, stiffening, and/or altering drainage characteristics to benefit design, construction, and performance of civil infrastructure. Carbonation is a process by which carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas reacts with alkali minerals naturally occurring and/or introduced in the ground to generate a binder (stable carbonate minerals). The objective of this research project is develop a means to carbonate soil supporting new and existing infrastructure and increase the durability and lifespan of New England’s transportation assets, including roadways susceptible to creep, frost-action, and other modes of deformation that lead to pavement distress.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2019 09:48:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1590590</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establishing a Correlation between Resilient Modulus and CBR/Soil Index Properties and Development of a Performance-Based Specification for Pavement Subgrade Materials</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1522887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective of this research is to develop a simple method to estimate resilient modulus based on available resources and develop a performance-based specifications (PBS) approach for subgrade materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Jul 2018 16:08:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1522887</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing Erosion Susceptibility of Coastal Highways Using Biologically-Based Methods
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1481061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadbeds supporting coastal highways in North Carolina are susceptible to erosion during large storm events. During large storms, such as hurricanes and nor’easters, storm surge and waves are able to erode the soil and undermine the highway.  Coastal highways in North Carolina have experienced over-washing due to coastal storm surges, which led to pavement damage and even highway closure. Direct storm wave action on the seaward side of the highway and weir-flow damage on the landward side of the highway can undermine the roadbed, erode the supporting soil, and lead to pavement failure and road closure.  In addition, slopes supporting roadways in sandy material are designed with a 3:1 (horizontal:vertical) slope due to the erodibility and stability of the material.  More competent material may be designed with a 2:1 slope, thereby reducing the right-of-way extent.  By reinforcing vulnerable coastal subgrades and slopes, erosion potential can be reduced and vital infrastructure can be maintained.
Bio-mediated soil improvement methods can be used to stiffen sandy subgrade and slopes and reduce the soil’s susceptibility to erosion.  Natural biological processes have been shown to improve the behavior of sand deposits by increasing the sand’s strength, stiffness, and erosion resistance (Montoya and DeJong 2015, Lin et al. 2015, Shanahan and Montoya 2016).  Bio-mediated soil improvement methods utilize natural soil bacteria to hydrolyze urea as a nutrient source and produce calcite cementation within the soil matrix.  This bio-cementation process can be used to mitigate damage to highway subgrades and slopes by implementing the process in situ.  The bio-cemented reinforced sand deposits would ultimately improve the resiliency of the coastal infrastructure by reducing the susceptibility to erosion in an innocuous, natural, and cost-effective manner.
In order to develop a bio-mediated method to reduce erosion susceptibility, a research program consisting of both laboratory and field work is proposed.  The treatment process will be developed to improve the sandy subgrades and slopes and to be implemented by the Department.  A relationship between the level of treatment and the resistance to erosion, shear strength, permanence and cost will be developed.  Field test sections are proposed to assess the implementation and performance of the treatment method. The test sections, which will be treated and monitored, will take place within the right-of-way of one of the Department’s sites. The results of the field test sections will provide valuable information for developing a treatment method to be implemented by the Department.
 
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2017 09:44:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1481061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilient Modulus Prediction Models of Unbound Materials for Nevada</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1403618</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The resilient modulus (Mr) input parameter for unbound materials plays a major role in pavement designs and has a significant influence on the projected pavement performance.  Hence, a proper estimation of the Mr value for locally available subgrade and crushed aggregate base materials becomes critical for designing long-lasting flexible pavements in Nevada.  Currently, the Mr is being estimated from the R-Value using dated correlations that were established for specific group of soil types obtained from specific geographic areas that might not be applicable for the type of soils and base materials typically used in Nevada.  Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess and enhance as needed the Mr correlation equations for Nevada.  Any improvements to the correlation equations would result in a better characterization of the unbound materials encountered in Nevada.  Such enhancements become critical and valuable when designing flexible pavements, and in particular for low volume roads which are very common in several rural and urban areas in Nevada.  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 2016 11:27:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1403618</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nano-Engineered Smart Tarmacs for Detecting Distributed Surface and Subsurface Pavement Damage</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1361228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No summary provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2015 01:00:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1361228</guid>
    </item>
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