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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Improving Traffic Safety through Quantification of Road Network Hydroplaning Risks
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2625310</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main objective of this study is to develop a computational framework to quantify tire-water-pavement interactions under wet surface conditions, assess their impacts on pavement friction, and suggest incorporating those impacts into an integrated asset management framework for pavement treatment prioritization and scheduling.

This new research effort would enable roadway agencies to improve roadway safety by optimizing roadway friction as part of an integrated asset management plan. It will serve as a valuable tool for roadway agencies, providing them with insights to implement strategies to reduce traffic crashes, congestion, as well as pavement deterioration.

The study will support the Center for Connected and Automated Transportation's (CCAT’s) efforts to create safe and durable transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 15:35:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2625310</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultrasonic Inspection of Reconditioned Railroad Bearing Components – Year 3</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2574196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freight rail bearings are often subjected to heavy loads such that the performance of each bearing plays a crucial role in the safe operation of the entire train. Even bearings that are properly maintained may still fail due to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) if local regions within the bearing race do not meet established effective case depth (ECD) standards. In addition, little is known about potential changes that may occur within the highest stress region after extensive service life. Ultrasonic grain scattering shows sensitivity to both microstructure and residual stresses such that nondestructive measurement methods based on diffuse ultrasonic backscatter have shown a high correlation with the overall status of the raceway. Results from the first year showed clear differences between new and reconditioned bearing cups in terms of their ultrasonic signatures. This work will be expanded to include spatial maps of raceways to identify locations that are outside the statistical bounds expected for a given part. Those locations will be identified and those parts will be tested in simulated service life testing at UTRGV for comparison with the predictions. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 19:01:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2574196</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Managing Vehicle-Rail Interface (VRI) Dynamics and Mechanics</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2446878</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary purpose of this study is to perform accurate dynamic measurements on a scaled roller rig designed and constructed by Virginia Tech and the Federal Railroad Administration (VT-FRA Roller Rig). The study also aims at determining the effect of naturally generated third-body layer deposits (because of the wear of the wheel and/or roller) on creep or traction forces. The wheel-rail contact forces, also referred to as traction forces, are critical for all aspects of rail dynamics. These forces are quite complex and they have been the subject of several decades of research, both in experiments and modeling. The primary intent of the VT-FRA Roller Rig is to provide an experimental environment for more accurate testing and evaluation of some of the models currently in existence, as well as evaluate new hypothesis and theories that cannot be verified on other roller rigs available worldwide.

The Rig consists of a wheel and roller in a vertical configuration that allows for closely replicating the boundary conditions of railroad wheel-rail contact via actively controlling all the wheel-rail interface degrees of freedom: angle of attack, cant angle, normal load and lateral displacement, including flanging. The Rig has two sophisticated independent drivelines to precisely control the rotational speed of the wheels, and therefore their relative slip or creepage. The Rig benefits from a novel force measurement system, suitable for steel on steel contact, to precisely measure the contact forces and moments at the wheel-rail contact.

Experimental studies will be conducted on the VT – FRA Roller Rig that involved varying the angle of attack, wheel and rail surface lubricity condition (i.e., wet vs. dry rail), and wheel wear, to study their effect on wheel-rail contact mechanics and dynamics. The wheel-rail contact is in between a one-fourth scale AAR-1B locomotive wheel and a roller machined to US-136 rail profile. A quantitative assessment of the creep-creepage measurements, which is an important metric to evaluate the wheel-rail contact mechanics and dynamics, is presented. A MATLAB routine is developed to generate the creep-creepage curves from measurements conducted as part of a broad experimental study. The shape of the contact patch and its pressure distribution have been discussed. An attempt is made to apply the results to full-scale wheels and flat rails. The research results will help in the development of better simulation models for non-Hertzian contact and non-linear creep theories for wheel-rail contact problems that require further research to more accurately represent the wheel-rail interaction.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 2024 15:30:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2446878</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultrasonic Inspection of Reconditioned Railroad Bearing Components – Year 2</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2405275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freight rail bearings are often subjected to heavy loads such that the performance of each bearing plays a crucial role in the safe operation of the entire train. Even bearings that are properly maintained may still fail due to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) if local regions within the bearing race do not meet established effective case depth (ECD) standards. In addition, little is known about potential changes that may occur within the highest stress region after extensive service life. Ultrasonic grain scattering shows sensitivity to both microstructure and residual stresses such that nondestructive measurement methods based on diffuse ultrasonic backscatter have shown a high correlation with the overall status of the raceway. Previous research has shown clear differences between new and reconditioned bearing cups in terms of their ultrasonic signatures. That work will be expanded to include spatial maps of raceways to identify locations that are outside the statistical bounds expected for a given part. Those locations will be identified, and those parts will be tested in simulated service life testing at University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) for comparison with the predictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jul 2024 08:09:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2405275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Frog Design Primer and Research Roadmap</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1893352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The frog is a component of special trackwork where one rail crosses another. Openings called flangeways are provided in standard frogs so that the flanges on the vehicle wheels can pass through. When the wheel passes through the open flangeway at the point of the frog, the wheel tread and frog wing rail surface locations produce high impact forces, noise, and vibration. When frogs must be located near noise- and vibration-sensitive land uses, they are often identified as having impacts during the environmental review process and require mitigation. Flange bearing frogs are typically used in standard light rail track on streets. 
Low-impact frog designs can reduce noise and vibration levels. However, there is almost no publicly available data on how effectively low-impact frog designs reduce noise and vibration levels, their longevity, and their maintainability. As a result, many agencies are hesitant to adopt new frog designs.

The objectives of this project are to develop (1) a frog design primer and (2) a research roadmap. 

The primer is to provide guidance to transit agencies on how to select appropriate frog designs for noise and vibration mitigation and how to maintain good noise and vibration performance through effective maintenance practices. 

The research roadmap should be built on analyses of frog systems, informed by current practices and a literature review focused on the reduction in noise and vibration provided by alternative low-impact frog designs. The research roadmap is intended to be used by the rail transit community to focus its efforts to foster, support, monitor, disseminate, and implement research on frog system design. The roadmap will build upon existing research and will be informed by outreach to the active rail design, procurement, operations, and maintenance practitioner community. In addition to identifying research gaps and prioritizing research needs, the roadmap should foster collaboration with standards development organizations such as the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) and AREMA.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2021 18:56:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1893352</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methods for Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement of Top of Rail Friction Modifiers (TORFM) in Revenue Service</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1762966</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective of this study is to continue the efforts toward evaluating, designing, and building highly accurate devices for qualitative and quantitative measurement of Top of Rail Friction Modifiers (TORFM) in Revenue Service.  Specifically, the project aims at: (1) Determining the capability of the sensors that the research team has developed for measuring Top TORFM layer thickness at speeds up to 10 – 15 mph, to make the sensor suitable for installation on Hy-rail trucks for railroad applications, and (2) Evaluate the most effective approach for commercializing the sensor to another entity that would be able to make it available to the railroads as a commercial product.
The current effort will mainly emphasize the application of innovative laser-based technology for measuring the layer thickness of TORFM at speeds far higher than those the team has tested in the lab and field, thus far.  This is a continuation of the efforts currently underway at the Railway Technologies Laboratory (RTL) for designing and implementing various optical technologies for reliably and reasonably accurately measuring how much TORFM is present on the railhead.  This effort is intended to reduce reliance on empirical assessments, which is the only available method for assessing whether there is an adequate amount of TORFM available on the rail.
The U.S. railroads spend a considerable amount of money on TORFM lubrication material to reduce wheel-rail rolling resistance, improve fuel economy, and improve curving forces.  The methods for determining the adequacy of the TORFM application are empirical.  An experienced engineer examines the rail visually, tactilely, or both; to determine if enough lubricant has been applied.  Such methods, however, are highly subjective and ultimately rely on the track engineer's experience.  The subjectivity in assessing the extent to which the rail is lubricated can lead to applying too much TORFM, unnecessarily, or applying too little, not realizing all of the benefits.  Additionally, at times the lubricant applicators can run dry or stop working, resulting in rail not being properly lubricated until the failure is detected, often days later.  Such incidents can go undetected by track engineers or the track master because it is often difficult to determine if the rail has been lubricated when the train passes.  More effective lubricity measurements will remedy such problems.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Jan 2021 23:05:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1762966</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitative Evaluation of Effect of Top of Rail Friction Modifiers on Reducing Wheel and Rail Wear</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1762962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Top-of-Rail Friction Modifiers (TORFM) behave as a third body layer in between the wheel and rail and is applied to reduce wheel and rail wear while preserving a stable traction condition.   An added benefit of TORFM is that it is estimated that it can reduce fuel consumption by controlling friction, although the research team is not aware of any proven data in support of this.  Although widely used by the U.S. Class I railroads, there exists no proven method for determining, qualitatively or quantitatively, how the amount of TORFM and rail/wheel wear are related.  Simply put, would increasing TORFM amount by a factor of two reduce wheel/rail wear and damage by one-half? How would such doubling effect traction or the longevity of TORFM on the wheel/rail surface?  In this study, the VT-FRA roller rig is used to perform a series of tests under highly controlled conditions to shed more light on answering these questions.  A series of controlled experiments are designed and performed in order to investigate the potential factors that may influence the traction performance.  The wheel surface profile is measured by a high-precision, 3D, laser profiler to measure the progression of wheel wear for the duration of the experiments.  The results indicate that it takes as much as 50% to 70% longer time for the traction force (traction coefficient) to reach a condition that is the same as the unlubricated rail when compared between lightly-, moderately-, and heavily-lubricated conditions.  The results further indicate that wear generation is delayed significantly among all lubrication conditions—even, the lightly-lubricated—when compared with the unlubricated condition.  A further evaluation of the results and additional tests are needed to provide further insight into some of the preliminary results that the team has observed thus far.
An experimental study of the effect of Top-of-Rail Friction Modifiers (TORFM) in quantities ranging from a small to large amount on the traction and the progression of wheel-rail wear has been performed using the Virginia Tech-FRA (VT-FRA) roller rig, shown below. A series of highly controlled experiments are performed in order to investigate the potential factors related to the quantities of friction modifiers on the traction performance. Besides, the wheel surface profile is measured by the high-precision 3D-laser profiler to measure the progression of wheel wear for the duration of the experiments. The results indicate that it takes a much longer time for the traction forces (coefficients) to reach a condition that is the same as the unlubricated rail when compared between lightly-, moderately-, and heavily-lubricated conditions. The results further indicate that wear generation is delayed significantly among all lubrication conditions—even, the lightly-lubricated—when compared with the unlubricated condition.  
This study intends to extend the team's past studies to more precisely quantify the relationship between the rail lubrication condition and amount of rail and wheel wear that occurs over time, for various traction and wheel load conditions.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Jan 2021 22:44:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1762962</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determination of Top of Rail (ToR) Lubricity, using Stationary and Moving Contacting and Non-contacting Devices</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1602484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The proposed project will continue the efforts that have been underway at (RTL) for the past couple of years for designing and implementing various devices for reliably and reasonably accurately measuring the presence of top-of-rail (ToR) friction modifiers.  Such materials are used by railroads to manage the coefficient of friction at the wheel-rail interface.  The main challenge in measuring the presence and extent of TOR friction modifiers is that they are applied in very thin layers, commonly a few microns.  The material is such that it cannot be easily detected with the naked eye, and is very difficult to measure using tactile or non-tactile means.  RTL has developed a laser-based technology that allows measuring the presence of material, qualitatively, on the rail.  The qualitative measurements are aimed at establishing index-based methods that can help the railroads with an assessment of the presence of TOR on their rail, beyond the empirical methods currently available to them.  
The tactile sensor that is under development in this project promises to provide the means for quantifying the thickness of TOR friction modifiers on the rail in an automated and simple-to-use device.  The device takes advantage of the conductivity of lubricants that are used in practice to integrate a gear-driven micrometer with a motor that advances the tip until an electrical circuit is closed.  This indicates the top of the lubrication layer. The tip is advanced further until it reaches the top of the rail, which prevents it from moving any farther.  This signifies the bottom of the lubricant.  The difference between the two measurements—commonly in 2 – 20 microns—indicates the thickness of the lubricant layer at the specific location of the measurement.
A prototype unit has been tested in the laboratory under different rail conditions and on various types of rail, including a 40-ft rail panel.  The results have been quite promising, even though some additional work remains with improving the device’s electro-mechanical design for ease of operation and measurement.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Apr 2019 19:20:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1602484</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Correlation of Continuous Vehicle Based and Wayside Inspection Data to Develop Non-Traditional Maintenance Intervention Strategies </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1601564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The vehicle/track interface continues to be of great concern in all rail operations to include high speed and conventional passenger, freight and transit operations. Much research has been performed in this area and in the associated area of the wheel/rail interface, and have resulted in the development of sophisticated inspection technologies aimed at evaluating various track and train component performance and conditions. Until now, the data from these varied inspection technologies have been evaluated at a basic data analysis level, e.g. threshold analysis based.  This activity extends improved data Analytic techniques to the analysis of data collect on a complete New York City Transit Authority (NYCT) transit line. 
The focus of this study was analysis of wayside measurement data with a specific emphasis Wheel Profile Data using wheel profile data for every passing wheel on every vehicle in the fleet that operates on the study NYCT line. This data was supplemented by the following additional data: (1) Applied Rail Force Data: measured lateral and vertical forces on the rail from every passing axle and (2) Angle of Attack Data: measured angle of attack of the bogie for every passing vehicle.
This research study used this wheel wear data, as provided by the NYCT, to analyze wheel wear trends and forecast wheel maintenance (truing based on flange thickness) and wheel life (replacement based on rim thickness). Using automatic wheel-scanning technology, NYCT was able to collect wheel profile measurements for nearly 4,000 wheels in their fleet over a six-month period, measured weekly. The resulting wheel measurement data was analyzed using advanced stochastic techniques to determine relationships for the changes in flange thickness over time for each wheel in the fleet. 
The expected research results will be a set of wheel wear models that can be used to forecast the time it would take for a wheel to reach the flange thickness maintenance threshold as defined by NYCT standards. This is to include both wheel truing maintenance and wheel replacement.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2019 23:42:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1601564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Impact of Wide-Base Tires on Pavement Damage: A National Study</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1362143</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of this project are to: (1) Quantify the impact of vehicle-tire interaction on pavement damage utilizing advanced theoretical modeling that is validated via full-scale pavement testing. This includes the determination of the relative effects of wide-base tires and dual-tire assemblies on pavement performance. (2) Perform an analysis of the economic, safety, and environmental effects of using wide base tires relative to the impact on pavement performance. (3) Develop methodology that allows states to assess the impact of wide-base tires on the pavement network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2015 01:02:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1362143</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pavement Surface Characterization for Optimization of Trade-off between Grip and Rolling Resistance</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1330248</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Multi-scale understanding of the contact deformation behavior between pavement and tires within the contact patch is necessary in revealing the mechanism of rolling resistance, grip and sound analysis. Here, the project will assemble a multi-scale framework to optimize the pavement texture to reduce the rolling resistance without sacrificing grip. Since rolling resistance in high speeds appears to be dominated more by macro-scale parts of a pavement profile, and grip in low speeds is affected more by small-scale asperities, the project is looking for a meso-scale surface spectrum (0.5-200 &amp;#956;m) that minimizes rolling resistance and maximizes grip. The main idea here is to design a surface profile to balance the trade-off between friction, adhesion and hysteresis. Viscoelastic behavior of rubber is the key here since it theoretically gives us two different material behaviors at low and high speeds, which can be used to optimize profile of surface asperities, accordingly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 08 Nov 2014 01:03:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1330248</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rail Neutral Temperature In-Situ Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1313120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Continuous welded rails (CWR) are rails that are welded together to become long continuous members that are fixed at both ends. When the ambient temperature significantly increases or decreases from the rail neutral temperature (RNT), the temperature at which the rails experience zero stress, the metal can expand and cause the rails to buckle, or contract and cause the rails to fracture. These effects can, in a worst-case scenario, result in train derailment. However, even installing CWR at a median ambient temperature does not guarantee that a rail will not buckle or fracture in the future, and it is sometimes necessary to reinstall the entire rail. A means of preventing these faults is to measure RNT and longitudinal rail stress of CWR to determine if the reinstallation of the entire rail is warranted to increase safety. Several methods for measuring RNT and longitudinal stress exist, but they each have various pitfalls. RNT is traditionally determined by cutting the rail, measuring the gap, performing calculations, and rewelding the rail; but this method is destructive and labor intensive. Nondestructive methods exist; but they can be costly, are not always accurate, and may require contact with the rail. The technique being created is a nondestructive and noncontact method of measuring RNT and longitudinal stress. This technique uses a pulse laser to generate Rayleigh waves, which can be used to determine the longitudinal stress on the rails, and the RNT can be calculated using the relationship between the longitudinal stress, ambient temperature, and material properties. Rayleigh wave polarization is more sensitive and more robust than Rayleigh wave speed; thus it results in more accurate and more precise measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jun 2014 01:00:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1313120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing Performance of Railroad Rail through Artificial Wear</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1313117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Localized plastic deformation from rolling contact and friction at the wheel-rail interface induces a severe multi-axial internal stress state in the rail head, resulting in both surface and subsurface nucleation of cracks. Catastrophic failure of railroad rail is often caused by such railhead fatigue defects. Fatigue-induced broken-rail derailments of trains can result in significant financial loss to stakeholders as well as human casualties. The objectives of the proposed project are to reduce the occurrence of fatigue-induced derailments of trains while simultaneously extending the service life of rail. There is worldwide field evidence that rail-head grinding, a form of applying artificial wear to a railhead, is a cost-effective method to increase the useful life of rails. The current use of rail grinding in the rail industry is to maintain a smooth running surface upon which the wheels of trains roll. Other mechanical effects of rail-head grinding are not fully understood, and thus the design of grinding schedules currently depends upon intuition, prior experience, and historical application. To achieve the goals of this project, wear and fatigue models will be developed to simultaneously assess three volumetric regions of the rail head: surface, near-surface, and subsurface. The proposed wear and fatigue models of this project will be integrated into a generalized multi-axial analysis accounting for both natural and artificial wear at the running surface and fatigue crack nucleation within near-surface and subsurface volumetric regions. The proposed multi-axial framework will be validated against field measurements and observations and incorporated into a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization module to help identify meaningful pareto frontiers associated with alternative scenarios of applying artificial wear through railhead grinding. To meet these objectives, the proposed research project will present (1) finite element analyses of wheel-rail contact with nonlinear multiaxial material hardening, (2) analytical studies of at-surface, nearsurface and subsurface wear (natural and artificial) and fatigue, (3) a survey and data collection program that includes assessments of wear, fatigue and rail head grinding costs from US railroad companies, (4) the validation and correlation of the results from wear and fatigue mechanistic models against experiments and field results, and (5) the development of a GA-based framework that will provide a set of optimal rail head grinding schedules and geometric profiles of the railhead for given loading conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jun 2014 01:00:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1313117</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of Warm Asphalt and Low Energy Mixes</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1234497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavement innovations,such as Warm Asphalt and Low Energy mixes must improve performance of the network as well as support environmental concerns including (i) Governor's Executive Order S-3-05 (climate change emission reduction targets for the State), (ii) Assembly Bill 32 (California Global Warming Act of 2006, requiring the reduction of Greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020), and Executive Order S-17-06 (directs State Agencies to implement AB 32 and the recommendations by Climate Action Team-Caltrans is a member). Research must show performance of these mixes under heavy loads and suitability to meet environmental commitments. Research needs to focus on whether target density can be achieved at lower temperatures in these mixes, optimum temperature range for compaction, construction productivity, if the construction season can be extended using these mixes, effects of longer haul distances, differences between different products/processes,effects on asphalt plant emissions and energy savings, changes needs to design,production, and construction and which projects are most suitable for these mixes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 15:13:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1234497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quieter, Smoother, More Durable Pavement Surfaces</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1234496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results will extend pavement service and maximize system performance including key properties of smoothness, noise, and durability. Better mix designs for noise and durability of (i) current Caltrans mixes and (ii) potentially new mixes. Meets commitment to Caltrans Quiet Pavement Pilot Project long-term study (>5 years) required by the FHWA. Comparisons will be made with other research (e.g., Danish Road Institute, National Center for Asphalt Technology), other mixes, and improved California mix designs. Field studies include continuing to monitor noise, pavement smoothness, condition, and other properties. New sections established under the Pavement Preservation Task Group (PPTG) will be monitored for 5 year minimum per Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) requirement. Laboratory study of mix designs for better noise reduction and durability over time. Continuing to build data base and document field measurements and laboratory tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 15:13:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1234496</guid>
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