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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Anchorage Design and Detailing for Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Retrofits of Transportation Concrete Structures</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2691724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The repair and rehabilitation of transportation structures is urgently needed to restore structural capacity, slow deterioration caused by aging, overloading, and environmental stressors, and minimize disruptions associated with large-scale replacement projects. State DOTs and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) have implemented several advanced rehabilitation techniques, including fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, ultra-high-performance concrete, and fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems. FRCM consists of an open-grid textile made of FRP or steel strands embedded within an inorganic cementitious matrix. The system offers multiple advantages over traditional FRP, including mechanical compatibility with concrete and masonry substrates, improved fire and elevated-temperature performance, vapor permeability, durability in moist or cold environments, and ease of application in field conditions.

As an externally bonded strengthening system, the performance of FRCM is governed by the ability of the FRCM–substrate interface to maintain composite action and to transfer forces effectively. Premature interfacial slip, end debonding, or localized interface damage are commonly reported for unanchored FRCM systems. These brittle failure modes often occur at loads far below the tensile capacity of the textile, limiting the effectiveness of the strengthening system to 30–60% of its potential and undermining both safety and return on investment. Introducing anchorage mechanisms into FRCM systems provides an engineered means to restrain interfacial slip, delay debonding, promote more favorable failure modes, and enable the textile to mobilize higher tensile strains. However, the existing literature on FRCM anchorage is sparse, fragmented, and lacking in unified, design-oriented guidance. Quantitative provisions addressing anchor geometry, capacity, and interaction with the primary FRCM reinforcement remain absent from current codes and standards.

The primary objective of this research is to advance the understanding, design, and implementation of anchorage systems for FRCM-strengthened concrete members, with the goal of mitigating premature debonding and achieving ductile, and efficient strengthening outcomes. Specifically, the project aims to: (a) synthesize and critically evaluate the current state of knowledge on FRCM anchorage; (b) develop and experimentally validate practical anchorage systems including transverse wraps, mechanical anchors, and spike anchors; and (c) produce a design-oriented framework for selecting, proportioning, and detailing anchorage systems.

Two coordinated experimental programs are proposed: (1) bond-level tests to characterize the effects of anchorage presence and type on joint force transfer, slip response, and failure mechanisms; and (2) flexural tests on reinforced concrete beams strengthened with anchored and unanchored FRCM reinforcement, to evaluate the translation of bond-level behavior to member-level performance and to verify design expressions under combined shear and normal stresses. The proposed research will equip state DOTs with validated anchorage solutions, support cost-effective preservation strategies, and accelerate the adoption of durable composite materials for extending the service life of transportation infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 12 Apr 2026 23:52:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2691724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establish Bridge Blast and Fire Damage Mitigation and Design Consideration</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2658327</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research team will investigate fire and blast damage to bridges to develop design and mitigation strategies to enhance structural resilience. Fires and blasts from vehicular collisions, hazardous spills, and encampments beneath bridges pose significant threats to structural integrity and serviceability. To address these significant threats, the researchers will conduct full-scale experimental testing, by constructing a representative bridge, incorporating components aligned with Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT’s) practices. The researchers will explore mitigation strategies such as fire-resistant materials, protective coatings, and retrofitting methods to improve bridge performance. The research findings will be contributed to design guidelines addressing fire and blast hazards, reducing economic losses and service disruptions while ensuring bridges can better withstand extreme events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 16:09:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2658327</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accessible lavatories</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2625301</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Air Transportation Division (AFS-200) needs the ability to certify lavatories that are 
accessible to passengers with disabilities by FY28. This research will focus on conducting 
a feasibility study to assess the space requirements for accessible lavatories and their 
compatibility with various sized aircraft. In the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) FY2024 Appropriations bill, Congress wrote: Aircraft Accessibility Research.—The Committee directs the FAA to research how 
transport category aircraft accessibility can be improved. This research should include 
how manual and powered personal wheelchairs can be safely secured in the passenger 
seating areas of transport category airplanes, determining the optimal safe evacuation 
processes for persons with disabilities, including persons who use wheelchairs, and 
determining how various types of transport category airplanes could most safely and 
efficiently be retrofit for accessible lavatories. The FAA shall include the resource needs 
for such research in future budget justifications. (Ref: Senate report 118-70).
This project will focus on how various designs of varying types of transport category 
airplanes could most safely and efficiently be retrofit for accessible lavatories.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 10:16:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2625301</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Retrofitting TxDOT Prestressed Box Beams with Composite Cast In Place Concrete Deck</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593186</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research team will develop and evaluate retrofit strategies for existing Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) prestressed box beam bridges by integrating a composite, cast-in-place concrete deck. Numerous such bridges, constructed without a concrete deck, exhibit longitudinal cracking, leakage, and maintenance challenges. Retrofitting with a composite deck will address these issues while improving structural performance, facilitating bridge widening, and increasing service life. The research team will include a literature review, cost comparisons, and preliminary analytical modeling to assess retrofit feasibility. Experimental testing will be conducted to evaluate retrofit techniques including doweled stirrups, surface roughening with a saturated surface dry (SSD) substrate, and other appropriate retrofit designs that improve shear key-deck/overlay composite action. Full-scale testing and numerical analyses will validate the structural behavior of the retrofitted system. The research team will provide TxDOT with detailed design recommendations, including analysis methods and design details for implementation. The expected Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for this project is 8.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2025 12:32:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593186</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel Constrained Layer Damper for Wind-Induced Vibration Mitigation of High-Mast Illumination Poles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2505729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project will develop a novel Constrained Layer Damper (CLD) for retrofitting High-Mast Illumination Pole (HMIP) structures to mitigate wind-induced vibrations. Work in Stage 1 will focus on mechanical characterization of viscoelastic (VE) materials, and the subsequent numerical modeling and optimization of the CLD. A series of axial tests and shear relaxation tests will be performed to obtain the hyperelastic and viscoelastic properties of candidate VE materials using relevant standards. A small-scale tubular cantilever beam will be designed and modeled in Abaqus. The model will be used to perform parametric studies to optimize the thicknesses of the constraining layer and the VE layer. In addition, both steel and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) will be investigated for the constraining layer. The result will guide the small-scale laboratory validation in Stage 2. To estimate damping enhancement, a static loading will be applied to the numerical models, which will be then removed to generate free-vibration responses. A full-scale HMIP structure will be selected from KDOT’s inventory and modeled in Abaqus to perform parametric studies similar to those performed earlier in Stage 1. In addition to optimizing the thicknesses of the constraining and VE layers, an additional study will analyze the impact of the handhole detail, which the CLD must avoid covering. In Stage 2, laboratory and field validations will be carried out for the developed CLD technology. Small-scale tubular cantilever beam will be fabricated and the proposed CLD will be implemented according to the numerically optimized parameters (e.g., thicknesses of the VE and constraining layers). Free vibration tests will be conducted with the tubular cantilever beam before and after the CLD is installed. Free vibration responses will be recorded using an accelerometer to extract damping ratios. Full-scale HMIP will be instrumented with wireless accelerometers, and pluck tests will be carried out to obtain the intrinsic damping of the HMIP. The optimized CLD design will be installed on the HMIP. Particular attention will be paid to proper anchorage of the constraining layer at the bottom of the CLD to ensure full development of shear strain in the VE layer. This will be followed by pluck tests to assess the level of damping enhancement by the CLD.  The final report will include all relevant data, results, and conclusions. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 2025 22:13:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2505729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Alternative Desert Tortoise Crossing Criteria and Designs (NDOT 494-24-803)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2499403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) maintains many hundreds of miles of highway in the habitat of the Mojave Desert tortoise, 450 miles of which are protected by tortoise exclusionary fencing. While the exclusionary fencing protects desert tortoises from highway mortality, it does not address the issue of habitat fragmentation, and in fact may add to the problem. Since exclusionary fencing restricts desert tortoise movement even further than the highway itself, it can inhibit or prevent access to seasonal resources, alter tortoise behavior, and can be detrimental to the larger population through reduced gene flow. In some areas, drainage culverts that pass under roadways have been retrofitted into desert tortoise crossings by connecting tortoise exclusionary fencing to the culvert wingwalls. Desert tortoises have been documented using some of these crossings. However, it appears that the design requirements of these drainage features, especially those in high-flow areas, commonly conflict with the movement abilities of the desert tortoise. Many of these culverts have large rocks (rip rap) placed at the openings to minimize the potential for erosion, but the large voids within the rip rap are a major obstacle for tortoise movement, an entrapment hazard, and have been known to cause mortality. NDOT maintenance has attempted to mitigate this issue by backfilling the rip rap with a mix of native gravel and soil. This has limited utility as it does well on flat terrain but is regularly carried away in steeper areas by the voluminous water flows commonly observed in desert flood events. The native soil must be replaced often, which is a burden for NDOT maintenance. Therefore, there is a need to develop criteria and plans for retrofitting culverts into desert tortoise crossings that can withstand multiple large hydraulic events while also being easily navigated by desert tortoises. The objectives of this research include: (1) Identify four culvert crossings along Nevada State Route 160 (SR 160) to evaluate and retrofit into desert tortoise culvert crossings with low maintenance requirements. (2) Obtain topographical surveys to develop creative designs, including engineered plans. (3) Produce one report for each crossing and one final report that provide details of the design efforts performed. The four culvert reports will focus on strengths and weaknesses of each and a design summary. (4) The final report will summarize the design effort, lessons learned, and considerations by each location on what works and what other entities have tried. The reports may include single-purpose crossing design success compared to dual-purpose crossing design. (5) Provide implementation-ready construction plans, specifications, and estimates. Will attempt to develop standard details, proposed designs, and treatment types as applicable and directed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 2025 18:06:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2499403</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bracing for Impact: Developing Steel-Concrete Sandwich Panel Retrofits for Increased Bridge Pier Protection</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2499034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project will address retrofits for piers in and around shipping channels. Bridge pier stability is integral for the continued operation of shipping channels after a vessel-pier collision occurs. Without sufficient pier protection systems, when vessel collisions occur, bridge damage can limit traffic over the bridge and through the waterway below, causing both travel and economic disruption. A novel steel-concrete composite system will be investigated for reducing the collapse potential of vulnerable bridge piers (essentially developing bridge life-preservers). The proposed strengthening method provides an alternative construction approach by installing the system directly onto bridge piers in lieu of constructing more robust barrier type systems. Additionally, the proposed barrier employs energy dissipative mechanisms along with a new structural system (steel- plate composite sandwich panels) that has been recently investigated for use in building applications. The project contains two integrated research components: 1) detailed finite element analysis of retrofit pier details and 2) impact testing of retrofit details. Outcomes of this project include a direct-to-pier retrofit strategy, ultimately improving waterway infrastructure reliability. Additionally, novel impact data for sandwich panels will be generated and engineering graduate students will receive advanced research training providing knowledge transfer to industry upon student graduation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jan 2025 17:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2499034</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>"Prioritizing Active Transportation Facilities That Would Benefit from Retrofits” and “Evaluation of Separated Bike Lane Vertical Elements."</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2441453</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research will provide a guide to implementation of vertical elements for separated bike lanes (e.g., flex posts, curbs, and planters) in terms of design, safety outcomes, and maintenance of implemented safety measures. Reflectivity and color design issues may also be considered. This research effort should reference and build on the following resources: (1) FHWA Bikeway Selection Guide
https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/tools_solve/docs/fhwasa18077.pdf (2) FHWA Guidebook for Measuring Multimodal Network Connectivity
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/multimodal_connectivity/ and (3) FHWA Separated Bike Lane Planning and Design Guide.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2024 12:35:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2441453</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strengthening and corrosion protection of coastal transportation infrastructure with titanium alloy bars </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2437858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Strengthening reinforced concrete structures using the near-surface mounded retrofit (NSMR) technique is an established approach in structural engineering practice. Besides conventional fiber reinforced polymer-based retrofitting materials, in recent years, Grade 5 titanium alloy bars (TiABs) have been shown to effectively and economically increase shear and flexural strength of existing reinforced concrete structures. Mix metal oxides (MMO) coated Grade 1 or 2 titanium is a widely used anode in impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems to mitigate reinforcement corrosion issues in existing structures. Grade 5 TiAB bars, even though they are not designed specifically to be used ICCP applications, have also been shown in preliminary studies to work as ICCP anodes. Integrating NSRM and ICCP applications provides a unique opportunity for a multi-functional (dual-purpose) solution that can provide immediate capacity restoration and mitigate future reinforcement corrosion issues in existing structures. However, the lack of surface coating might have implications with respect to their ICCP performance and durability, which requires further investigation.  To address this gap, this project investigates the role of MMO coating of TiAB bas on their ICCP performance. The project involves benchtop scale electrochemical studies to investigate the role of MMO in maintaining a stable and long-term impressed current. The performance of these systems is further investigated when the MMO coated bars are embedded in cementitious systems as ICCP anodes. The results are compared against MMO-coated Grade 1/2 ICCP anodes and bare TiAB.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Oct 2024 15:52:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2437858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPR-4924:  Numerical Modeling for Assessment and Evaluation of New and Retrofitted Bridge Rails Under Impact Load</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2434101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims to develop alternate methods such as high-performance numerical 3D finite element (FE) modeling and analysis of bridge railing systems. Guidelines will be developed for appropriate numerical modeling and dynamic (impact) analysis of bridge rails. The primary focus will be to evaluate F-shaped railings with existing anchor details, with further emphasis to determine whether that detail is for the deck mounted pedestrian railing (PF-1). This research will support the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT)'s evaluation of retrofit bridge railings and could potentially be the basis for future evaluations of other railing types.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Sep 2024 09:23:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2434101</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Retrofit Design of Seismically Deficient Bridges on and Over the Interstates and Parkways in Western Kentucky</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2417062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over 6,600 Kentucky bridges will experience ground accelerations between 0.10 g and 1.00 g during the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Maximum Credible Earthquake. These structures are being evaluated as part of another study (SPR 24-656) to identify bridges that require retrofits to increase their capacities and meet the demand based on AASHTO’s 2022 Specifications. Most bridges on and over the interstates and parkways in Western Kentucky are expected to exhibit deficiencies ranging from inadequate seat support to lack of foundation capacity. Ongoing research, however, is not developing a retrofit design. Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) can use project findings to generate construction cost estimates and prioritize funding for retrofit or replacement of seismically vulnerable bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Aug 2024 13:26:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2417062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Role Of Grout And GFRP Slip Liner On The Circumferential Behaviour Of Retrofitted Corroded Metal Culverts </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2404267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For any aging infrastructure, its probability of failure increases with time. There are a multitude of ways to repair and rehabilitate deteriorating pipes, and as the infrastructure system continues to age, it is important to understand and promote the use of effective and durable materials for retrofit. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have shown to offer an attractive alternative to replace the deteriorating steel in structural corrugated metal pipes (CMPs). FRP composites have significantly improved durability characteristics compared to steel, which will reduce maintenance costs and improve lifecycle costs. Other materials such as HDPE slip liners for retrofit are in existence but their durability and improvement to load carrying capacities is under question. Past experimental work has shown GFRP to be a suitable material for developing composite action with corroded steel using a polymer grout. Longitudinal testing of corroded CMP with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) slip liners has garnered interest of the New Mexico DOT. However, field conditions are more circumferential dominant behaviors, and no data exist on this performance measure for CMPs with GFRP slip liners. The proposed work will help evaluate the parameters obtained from circumferential bending necessary to develop design for field implementation using GFRP slip liners with different grouts for corroded culvert retrofit. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Jul 2024 14:59:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2404267</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accelerated Foundation Repair/retrofits For Capacity Upgradation And Strengthening </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2404261</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The anticipated research output will be a state-of-art compilation of efforts at bridge foundations reuse based upon capacity upgradation and strengthening using mini-/micro-pile retrofits. The aim of the effort will be to enable standardization of such efforts leveraging data science and soil-structure interaction mechanics guided artificial intelligence (AI) approaches. The research will prepare preliminary data for systematic development of construction techniques, materials selection, and capacity estimation methodologies that are compatible with superstructure design. The novel technologies to be pursued in the proposed work is twofold: (1) novel probabilistic soil-structure interaction method for harmonization with load and resistance factor design (LRFD) superstructure design, and (2) development of AI/machine learning (ML) ready database of mini-/micro-pile retrofits of bridge foundations. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Jul 2024 14:54:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2404261</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Behavior of Repaired Sampson County Bridge Beams after 2 Years in Service
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2262843</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sampson County Bridge No. 810003 is a three-span prestressed channel structure built in 1966 on Service Route No. 1933 across Branch Six Run Creek. Six channel beams (12 stems) were retrofit in November of 2020 using a prestressed mechanically fastened fiber reinforced polymer (MF-FRP) system.  The retrofit was designed to restore prestressing forces lost due to corrosion of internal steel strands.  The retrofit was intended as a temporary measure to keep the bridge open without lowered load postings while a bridge replacement could be designed, bid, and scheduled.  Bridge 810003 is scheduled for demolition and replacement in late 2022 or early 2023.

The proposed research aims to salvage the six retrofitted channel beams from Bridge 810003 that have been in-service for more than 21 months.  In addition, the work proposes to salvage two additional control beams from the bridge that have not been retrofitted.  Beams will be identified prior to bridge demolition, removed from the bridge during demolition with the MF-FRP repair systems intact, trucked to Constructed Facilities Laboratory (CFL) in Raleigh, and tested to failure in the laboratory.  Samples of the FRP material will be recovered from the tested beams and for material-scale tension testing.  Concrete cores will be taken from the beams to determine the concrete compressive strength.

The proposed experiments will capture the full response to failure of the retrofit beams, allowing for comparison to analytical predictions and evaluation of the effectiveness and durability of the retrofit.  Predications of beam behavior will use the procedures developed as part of previous research project RP2018-16. As justified by the research results, edits to the existing design methods, installation procedures, inspection procedures, ratings spreadsheet, and standard details and specifications will be developed and proposed. This proposed research project presents a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of in-service girders that cannot be replicated on new concrete girders.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2023 15:03:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2262843</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Practices. Topic 55-07. Stormwater Retrofit Programs and Practices Through Third-Party Partnerships</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many existing highways were originally constructed without stormwater control facilities, prompting several state departments of transportation (DOTs) to retrofit these highway facilities with improved treatment and flow control systems. To implement watershed-based strategies more cost effectively, some DOTs have explored partnerships with third-party entities.The objective of this Synthesis project was to document practices used by state DOTs regarding stormwater retrofit partnerships with third parties. 

 ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jun 2023 16:13:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190445</guid>
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