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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SG-23. Data-Driven Approaches for Optimizing Transit Parts Procurement, Lead Time Risk, and Critical Spare Parts Planning</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit agencies depend on the timely availability of spare parts to maintain fleet reliability, minimize vehicle downtime, and sustain safe and efficient service. Agencies employ a variety of approaches to procure, stock, and manage spare parts inventories; however, practices vary considerably based on fleet composition, agency size, operating environment, warehouse capacity, staffing resources, and supplier relationships.

In recent years, transit agencies have experienced increasing challenges associated with extended supplier lead times, supply chain disruptions, parts obsolescence, and limited availability of critical vehicle components. At the same time, agencies are making greater use of maintenance management systems, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, inventory management software, vehicle diagnostic data, asset management programs, and other operational data to improve procurement and inventory decision-making.

Although many agencies have developed innovative practices to address these challenges, there has been limited documentation of current industry approaches for managing spare parts inventories, mitigating supply chain risks, identifying critical spare parts, and using data to support procurement decisions. A synthesis would provide transit agencies with a comprehensive understanding of current practices, emerging approaches, and lessons learned across the industry.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this synthesis is to document current practices used by transit agencies to optimize spare parts procurement, inventory management, supplier lead time risk, and critical spare parts planning. The synthesis should identify how agencies use data, technology, and operational practices to improve parts availability, reduce vehicle downtime, and support reliable transit service.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 17:16:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2772554</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient Mobility for Rural Communities</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2683240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rural communities face unique transportation challenges due to low population density, dispersed destinations, and limited resources. Efficient mobility requires strategies that both optimize existing transit systems and embrace innovative service models. This project integrates two lines of research that can support efficient mobility and access to active modes and destinations in rural areas. The first focuses on right-sizing rural transit fleets and the second, on analyzing modal shifts from shared-use mobility services.  

On the vehicle procurement side, rural agencies must balance capital and operating costs, service quality, and reliability while meeting the capacity needs of their riders. When procuring vehicles, rural transit operators choose between transit buses, cutaways, vans, and minivans of various sizes. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages regarding capital costs, operating costs, performance, service quality, and ability to meet the needs of their users. This study builds upon previous research to develop spreadsheet-based user tools that can help rural agencies and state departments of transportation (DOTs) make these decisions. This research improves upon the decision tools developed in a previous study by incorporating new models for the capacity needs of rural transit. Previous decision tools provide guidance on the types and sizes of vehicles to procure but they lack the ability to estimate capacity needs for individual agencies. This study develops a vehicle procurement decision model that incorporates a more sophisticated capacity needs analysis. The result will be a tool that estimates capacity needs of an agency and provides guidance on the number, types, and sizes of vehicles that can best meet that capacity need while improving efficiency and meeting the unique needs of the transit agency.  

A second tool to be developed by the study is an optimization tool. The study will improve upon a previously developed optimization model by incorporating more detailed estimates for lifecycle costs of different types and sizes of vehicles. The study will consider transit buses, cutaways, vans, and minivans of different sizes and seating capacities and include more detailed analysis of the operating costs for each vehicle type and the overall lifecycle costs. This will be incorporated into an optimization model that will minimize total costs, including capital and operating costs, for an agency while meeting capacity needs and service requirements and considering the impact of the fleet configuration on service quality.  

At the same time, emerging technology-enabled shared-use services—such as ridesourcing, microtransit, bikesharing, and carsharing—are transforming mobility in rural areas. By analyzing National Household Travel Survey data and documenting real-world deployments, the study will evaluate adoption patterns, service models, and performance outcomes of rural shared-use systems. This analysis will identify factors contributing to the success or failure of shared-use mobility initiatives and provide actionable strategies for rural agencies and policymakers . ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 14:22:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2683240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative Approaches in Acquiring New or Replacement Fleet Equipment</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2681240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fleet managers often face challenges securing sufficient funding to meet their agencies’ equipment needs. While some have developed alternative approaches to acquire fleet equipment, many agencies are not fully aware of these options or their potential advantages and limitations. Rising equipment costs and constrained budgets increase the need to examine flexible and cost-effective acquisition strategies. A review of these approaches and their associated considerations could provide practical value to state fleet managers.

OBJECTIVE: This scan aims to identify practical insights that may support cost management, improve access to reliable equipment, and reduce long-term maintenance expenses. The findings will provide agencies with documented lessons learned and serve as a reference when considering strategies to extend fleet replacement budgets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 14:49:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2681240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effective Practices for Best-Value Construction Projects</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several state departments of transportation (DOTs) have successfully used the best-value approach to procure highway projects through design-bid-build (DBB), construction manager/general contractor (CM/GC), design-build (D-B), progressive design-build (PDB), and public-private partnership (PPP) highway projects. NCHRP LRD 90: Best Value Procurement for Highway Construction: Legal Issues and Strategies describes current practices. 

However, state DOTs have limited research-based resources to assist with best-value procurements, such as how a state DOT might decide what award algorithm, evaluation criteria, weight ranges, and scoring systems to use to select the best design and construction team to achieve a project’s goals. The resources also do not link project performance metrics to procurement processes. Research is needed to identify how state DOTs could enhance their procurement processes to use best-value procurement effectively. 

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop a guide with examples that identify effective practices for best-value construction procurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 20:38:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558412</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ITD-Controlled Aggregate Material Source Modernization Project</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2298713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Materials sources are an essential part of the planning, construction, and operation of 
Idaho Transportation Department's (ITD’s) highway network. Planning efforts must incorporate the location of existing ITD roadway corridors, the current availability of aggregates and future considerations for aggregate/land availability and price. Toward maintaining a network of quality materials sources, a Materials Source Purchase Program (MSPP) is available to assist the districts with the cost of purchasing materials sources. This program is funded by a source cost recovery fee assessed on material removed from ITD owned or controlled sources. However, ITD has not thoroughly evaluated the existing MSPP since 2007.
Although source recovery fees have remained stable, Idaho has seen rapid growth and skyrocketing demand for aggregates and property within the state. Consequently, prices for aggregates and land continue to rise steeply, while ITD’s source recovery fees and associated accounting have not been reviewed in nearly two decades. ITD is therefor at risk of not being able to further pursue and develop ITD-controlled aggregate sources, resulting in less competition in construction projects bidding. This project will independently evaluate the viability of the MSPP, identify deficiencies in aggregate sources and recovery fees, and establish a plan to effectively administer the MSPP in the future.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Nov 2023 13:29:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2298713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Legal Problems Arising out of Highway Programs. Topic 27-04. Managing Performance for Innovative Technology Contracts</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2209735</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the last decade, information technology applications for transportation have changed and improved how state departments of transportation (DOTs) services, including parking and active transportation, are operated, used, and funded. The transportation industry has also observed significant shifts in the behavior of travelers and the market trends caused by social, economic, and environmental factors and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Most state DOTs want to utilize these new technologies to enhance and improve transportation services. Accordingly, they will seek third-party technology experts (“vendors”) to provide and integrate the new technologies into the services. Such vendors are relied upon to develop, deploy, operate, and maintain new technology applications in accordance with certain stated specifications. This reliance on vendors may create challenges in procuring and overseeing these services for the agencies. 

The objective of this research is to gather and present information on innovative mobility technologies and tools to help state DOTs with contracts to achieve desired vendor performance in a cost-effective manner. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Jul 2023 10:41:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2209735</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Refined Superpave Binder Purchase Specification</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2085721</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research will conduct a critical review of emerging binder purchase specification approaches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Dec 2022 14:15:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2085721</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Global Benchmarking Studies on Green Procurement and Turbo Roundabouts and two additional priority topics to be identified by FHWA leadership</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2067993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Studies on Green Procurement, Turbo Roundabouts, and two additional priority topics to be determined will continue the mission of seeking and adapting foreign innovations that directly support DOT strategic goals.  Funding will cover: (1) costs associated with the planning, coordination, report and implementation plan development, and implementation phases of two new GBP studies and (2) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) team member International travel associated with these studies (3) tracking and communicating GBP benefits/impacts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2022 16:26:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2067993</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Legal Aspects of Airport Programs. Topic 15-01. Accommodating Federal Agencies at Airports and Related Contractual Concerns</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2061057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports host multiple federal agencies that play key roles in the operations,safety, and security of their facilities. Planning and operation of airports across the United States may require accommodation of multiple federal agencies, but the legal authority defining airports’ rights and obligations to these agencies is varied and at times unclear.

ACRP Legal Research Digest 47: Accommodating Federal Agencies at Airports and Related Contractual Concerns, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, seeks to provide a single source of information concerning airports’ rights and obligations to accommodate federal agencies and to enter into cooperative agreements and other agreements.


]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Nov 2022 20:01:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2061057</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Guide on Progressive Design-Build for Transportation Projects</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most commonly used methodology for design-build (DB) contractor selection involves a best value process, with significant weight accorded to price, resulting in a fixed-price contract for design development and construction. Progressive design-build (PDB) is a recent variation that allows early contractor involvement with elements similar to a construction manager/general contractor (CM/GC) approach. Similar to the process used for CM/GC, pricing negotiation occurs for final design and construction in the preliminary design phase. But unlike CM/GC, PDB continues to transfer design liability and construction responsibilities to a DB team starting with the preliminary planning and design phase through to construction completion. 

PDB contracts include procedures for development of the design, schedule/phasing plan, and a price for final design and construction typically in the form of a guaranteed maximum price (GMP), targeted maximum price (TMP), or agreed lump sum. The development of the price is a key component of PDB as it allows owners to hire a progressive designer-builder without a total price commitment for final design and construction until reasonable design details are defined. 

Currently, state departments of transportation (DOTs) are utilizing variations in terminology, differing approaches in early progressive design-build team (PDBT)/state interactions, and varying contracting mechanisms due to the limited guidance available to implement PDB on their highway projects. To help state DOTs understand the benefits offered by PDB for transportation projects, research is needed to explore how PDB can be effectively implemented on highway projects.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop a guide for state DOTs to effectively and efficiently use PDB delivery for transportation projects that includes assistance with project planning and selection, project implementation, procurement, pricing procedures, and contract administration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2022 19:27:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957099</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incorporating Quality Assurance into Green Public Procurement Practices</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957115</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, some transportation agencies have moved toward adoption of Green Public Procurement (GPP) as a means for reducing infrastructure’s environmental impact and often require material Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) to document their potential environmental impacts (often in terms of global warming potential, emissions, or gallons of water conserved). However, much of the current procurement practices do not consider a holistic pavement life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach that incorporates the quality assurance measures needed to ensure infrastructure performance. Currently, there are no widely accepted procedures for incorporating quality assurance in GPPs. There is a concern that in the absence of a rational consideration of quality assurance, implementation of GPPs may impact infrastructure performance.

There is a need to identify the procedures currently available for incorporating quality assurance into GPPs, develop procedures that better address the different applications and related issues, and prepare guidelines for their application. These procedures and accompanying guidelines should help those involved in the different aspects of infrastructure design, construction, and maintenance in considering GPP practices that promote sustainability without adversely effecting infrastructure performance. 

The objectives of this research are to (1) recommend procedures for incorporating quality assurance into GPP practices and (2) prepare guidelines for their application in highway pavements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2022 10:19:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957115</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Legal Aspects of Transit and Intermodal Transportation Programs. Topic 21-03. Update of Selected Studies in Transportation Law, Volume 5, 2014 Supplement (Transit Law)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1890700</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this project is to update the Selected Studies in Transportation Law, Volume 5, 2014 Supplement on Transit Law (2014 Supplement), except for Section 10, Civil Rights, which will be addressed by a separate RFP.  Since publication of the 2014 Supplement, there have been a number of changes in transportation law.  The goal of the project is to provide a legal primer on the myriad of legal issues encountered in a transit law practice.
When updating the Supplement, the researcher shall analyze and incorporate any legal implications that the researcher identifies from review of TRB’s 2019, Critical Issues in Transportation.
Where legal research digests may have addressed an issue in Volume 5, the researcher shall reference the digest and incorporate any information from the digest believed to be relevant while maintaining the intent of the 2014 Supplement.
If there are no significant changes in the topics addressed by the Supplement, the researcher will only be required to shepardize cases (look for changes in statutes or rules and guidance documents).  The following is a nonexclusive list of topics that have been identified as needing to be updated by this project:
(1) Transit Related Governmental Institutions - Update to address Federal Railroad Administration’s role.
(2) Procurement - Include new methodologies, e.g., indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ)  piggybacking, address the new 2 CFR 200 (Super Circular), Uniform Administrative Guidance. 
(3) Buy America - Review any waivers since 2014 Supplemental and any implications from Fast Act, e.g., increasing domestic content to 70% or greater.
(4) Safety - Update to address Federal Transit Administration’s new safety oversight role (e.g., safety management system (SMS) and Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan, (PTASP), etc. Further develop the section on track safety including examples of types of violations, e.g., independent rulings, Special Notices of Repair, criminal penalties, as well as civil penalties. Also address maintenance of way (MOW) standards for different classes of track, quiet zones, and positive train control. 
Include a brief discussion on the agency attorney role (or exclusion) in National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigations, as well as any new legal issues that may have arisen regarding (NTSB) investigations.
(5) Transit Asset Management - Address the federal requirements that apply to all recipients of chapter 53 funds that own, operate, or manage public transportation capital assets.
(6) HIPAA - Address the legal issues for the transit provider, including liability arising from a security breach or other actions by employees that may cause the unintentional disclosure of information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Nov 2021 16:30:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1890700</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transit Vehicle Specification Development in Mississippi – Final Report</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1883839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Mississippi Department of Transportation’s (MDOT) Public Transit Division is evaluating its current transit vehicle specification process. The specifications are developed by MDOT in order to solicit bids for transit vehicles for subrecipients throughout the State of Mississippi. This report summarizes the study’s key findings, specifically MDOT’s existing processes and procedures for specification development, best practices and example specifications identified in existing literature, opportunities and challenges identified by subrecipients throughout the state, and current processes and procedures of peer state Departments of Transportation (DOT). The report concludes with updated model vehicle specifications and process recommendations to improve the existing procurement procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Oct 2021 09:20:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1883839</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practices for Transportation Agency Procurement and Management of Advanced Technologies</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1842762</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BACKGROUND - State departments of transportation (DOTs) have been effective in developing transportation procurement documents for highway construction. However, the procurement of new business operation technologies is less advanced. State DOTs are investing in enterprise network solutions to support agency operations (e.g., communications, asset management, and human resources management), while also seeking to leverage cutting-edge technologies to manage the transportation network. This may include artificial intelligence (AI)-based predictive analytics solutions and cloud-based big data analytics solutions. The diversity of procurements that agencies adopt and maintain and the expectations of its customers are changing. As complexity grows, state DOTs continue to use traditional procurement methods, which may entail making individual purchases without a long-term, big-picture view of the implications and objectives. This often leads to a number of procurement challenges for state DOTs, particularly when it comes to the provision of technological products and services. OBJECTIVES - The objectives of this research are to develop a guide that will enable state DOTs to identify (1) successful procurement practices used when procuring new transportation systems technologies that meet industry standards; (2) procurement processes flexible enough to be adapted as technology changes; and (3) a sustainable means for practitioners within state DOT Information Technology and Procurement offices to implement and evaluate procurement processes.
 


 
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Mar 2021 19:51:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1842762</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effective Integration of Human Factors Engineering into System Development Acquisition Programs</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1761880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a research effort that will support improved understanding and application of human factors by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) acquisition program personnel in order to improve compliance with FAA Order 9550.8 and AMS policy and guidance. This research focus is on the identification of potential areas for improvement and on the documentation of best practices regarding the effective integration of human factors engineering into the acquisition process. The potential for technology transfer is high, in that the study recommendations will apply generally to organizations with safety critical functions, including private sector companies supporting aviation. As one input, this work will consider the adequacy of the FAA Human Factors Acquisition Job Aid, which was designed as a reference to help ensure the successful integration of human factors over the lifecycle of the FAA acquisition process. However, it also will look more broadly at how other organizations with missions to support safety-critical operations achieve this goal of effectively integrating human factors engineering into the acquisition process. It will also incorporate recent advances in relevant human factors engineering methods and the research will illustrate how they can be integrated into training materials for the personnel responsible for different stages of the acquisition process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Jan 2021 15:12:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1761880</guid>
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