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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of Design Profiles &amp; Parameters using Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and Permeafor Data</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2582031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) has recently invested in two new technologies to improve geotechnical site characterization for stormwater best management practices (BMPs) and to improve the efficiency and accuracy of geotechnical subsurface models for bridge and roadway designs.  The need for time consuming borehole infiltration testing and standard penetration testing may be reduced through further deployment of Permeafor and Measurement While Drilling (MWD).  
This project will advance integration of these technologies by ensuring current hardware, software, and data analysis methods are updated with best available methods.  It will also assist in installation and troubleshooting of new equipment on a recently acquired drill rig, train field staff on the use and care of these technologies, and train technical staff on data reduction and interpretation of results. Specifications will be proposed for inclusion in the NHDOT Geotechnical Manual. 
This project builds upon work conducted under previous Projects 26962 and 42372F which led to significant improvements in the capabilities of the NHDOT Geotechnical section to meet their needs for the design of various structures across New Hampshire. These efforts will support more efficient use of design and construction resources, reduce the chance of delays due to unexpected subsurface conditions, and potentially help reduce the time associated with conventional subsurface investigation programs in the long term.  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2025 14:03:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2582031</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance-Based Design of Permeable Friction Courses Using Warm Mix Asphalt for Enhanced Safety and Durability</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2480326</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Permeable friction courses (PFC) offer several performance benefits. The open-graded structure of PFC provides a path for water to permeate through the pavement hence reducing the risk of flooding, splash and spray, and hydroplaning. The open-graded friction course also results in improved pavement friction, especially during wet weather conditions. It was also reported that the air void structure in the PFC results in noise reduction and lessens the effect of the urban heat island phenomenon. 
PFC was selected by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) as part of the Every Day Counts (EDC) initiative. The EDC program promotes proven technologies which are being underutilized. PFC can exhibit failure due to raveling, moisture damage, cracking, and rutting. Many state agencies including Oklahoma have strict requirements on material selection and aggregate gradation of PFC mixes, however, there is not much focus on performance measures, permeability, and durability. The effect of mix type and composition on the friction has also not been fully investigated. Some states have reported using Warm Mix Additives (WMA) to improve raveling resistance. Other studies were conducted in Louisiana and Michigan using WMA with PFC and it was shown that using WMA can improve the raveling and rutting resistance.   
The objective of this study is to explore the use of different performance-related testing to characterize the performance and permeability of PFC mixes using fibers and WMA as stabilizing agents, and to assess the impact of mix type and composition on the friction characteristics of the pavement surface. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations will be given regarding using WMA as a stabilizing agent for PFC mixes. The recommendations would also include suggested changes to current specifications. These changes could include relaxing existing criteria related to volumetrics and using performance-related testing during mix design. 
The following tasks will be performed to achieve the objectives of this project. Task 1: Conduct an overview of the performance-related tests that are used by different state DOTs to characterize PFC mixes and select tests to include in this project. Task 2: Identify different aggregate types and sources with different properties, and different stabilizing agents, to include in the design of the PFC mixes. Task 3: Prepare different mixes using different aggregate sources with the addition of cellulose fibers, according to the Oklahoma ODOT specifications. Task 4: Conduct testing on the control mixes to evaluate raveling, moisture resistance, cracking, rutting, and friction. Task 5: Optimize the design of the control mixes using other additives, such as WMA and evaluate the impact on performance. Task 6: Provide recommendations on the use of WMA as a stabilizing agent for PFC mixes and suggest changes to current specifications. 
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 13:45:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2480326</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Updating VDOT’s Concrete Permeability Requirements</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2476010</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to update Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT’s) concrete permeability requirements by revising the Virginia Test Method (VTM) 112 and VDOT’s Road and Bridge Specifications. The focus is on enhancing VDOT’s concrete permeability testing by expanding the use of resistivity-based methods, such as the surface resistivity, AASHTO T 358 (VTM 112 - Method B), which correlate well with results from the rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), ASTM C1202 (VTM 112- Method A). Resistivity-based methods are faster and easier to conduct while providing a reliable indicator of concrete durability. This study will determine the effects of various curing methods and mixture compositions on resistivity and chloride permeability, aiming to establish new resistivity-based specifications. The outcome of this study will be a revised VTM 112 and updated permeability requirements that improve concrete approval and acceptance processes, reduces time consuming testing, and enhances the durability assessment of concrete materials across Virginia. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 14 Dec 2024 08:50:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2476010</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Permeability of Granular Materials, and Blended Salvaged Granular Materials</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2379666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Department does not currently have a clear understanding of how drainable a granular base material needs to be in a roadway section to optimize long-term pavement performance.  Furthermore, the Department does not fully understand how permeable the virgin granular materials used on projects are with our dense-graded material granular base sections.  There is also a lack of understanding of how permeability is affected by adding salvaged granular material once it has been blended into the virgin base course, gravel cushion, or salvaged granular material. Based on the previous research project SD97-03 completed by the Department, our current practice is to blend Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) into virgin granular material with a blend ratio of no more than 50% RAP. Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) can be used in lieu of virgin aggregates if it meets the specified gradation for the aggregate for which it replaces. The expectation with this practice is that both materials (virgin and blended) will have similar drainage characteristics.  With a better understanding of the drainage characteristics of RAP produced by various methods (process-in-place, cold-milling, micro-milling, and crushing) and RCA, the Department could better optimize the use of reclaimed materials in roadway sections and be assured that proper drainage has been achieved in the design in the most cost-effective manner possible.  Currently, that clear understanding is missing from our granular base material designs and this research opportunity could provide that clarity and assure that the best use of tax-payer funds is being utilized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2024 14:44:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2379666</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-Term Performance of Low Permeable Concrete for Structures</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2270038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective of this research project is to perform non-destructive testing to evaluate the condition of a low-permeable concrete structure decks and ramp (the old SLC Int'l Airport parking structure). 
Secondary objectives of this research project are to validate the service life prediction for the structure using Life-365 corrosion prediction software and evaluate pozzolans (specifically silica fume) as additives in concrete for achieving similar low-permeable concrete mixtures in future structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Oct 2023 19:21:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2270038</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establishing NDE Protocols for Use in Early Age Bridge Deck Preservation Strategies</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2071679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This NCHRP IDEA project was aimed at developing innovative non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methodologies to detect and address early signs of deterioration in newly constructed bridge decks. The research leveraged advanced NDE techniques, including high-resolution surface imaging, hairline crack mapping, and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, to create a comprehensive vulnerability index for early-age bridge deck preservation. The primary objective was to establish reliable, data-driven protocols for identifying early deterioration indicators often missed by conventional inspection methods. By integrating traditional and AI-based data processing techniques, the project sought to provide accurate and actionable insights into the condition of bridge decks. The research methodology encompassed the development of NDE protocols, laboratory and field data collection, and the processing and analysis of data to generate vulnerability maps highlighting areas susceptible to moisture ingress and crack propagation. Key findings indicate that the combination of crack density and dielectric constant data produces a vulnerability index that can help asset owners prioritize preservation activities based on objective metrics. Field data collection on 23 bridge decks across Delaware, Texas, Iowa, and Indiana robustly validated the protocols, ensuring practical applicability and high potential for integration into existing maintenance workflows. Implementing these advanced NDE protocols offers significant benefits, including timely interventions to prevent minor issues from escalating, resulting in substantial cost savings through reduced maintenance expenses, and enhanced decision-making via a data-driven approach. This study underscores the critical role of early detection and innovative data processing in extending the service life of bridge decks and improving overall infrastructure management.
The Final Report is available at this link.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 09:14:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2071679</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Test to Measure Concrete Permeability Admixture Effectiveness</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1977952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research objective of this project is to determine appropriate test method(s) to measure the chloride penetration resistance of concrete containing PRAs and applicable acceptance criteria for use in Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) construction projects. Acceptable and relative performance of PRAs will be evaluated through comparison with the performance of a concrete mixture containing pozzolans that meets current mixture design requirements described in FDOT specification Table 346-2 and Table 346-3.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jun 2022 15:49:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1977952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factors that Influence the Variability of Concrete Surface Resistivity of Field Cast Samples</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1934173</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research will identify the influences on surface resistivity (per AASHTO T 358) and provide solutions to minimize variability. In addition, alternate non-destructive test methods to determine chloride ion permeability, including bulk resistivity (per AASHTO TP 119) will be explored.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Mar 2022 09:47:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1934173</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Internal Curing on Concrete’s Permeability in Simulated Field Conditions</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1906849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is two-fold. The first objective is to assess the influence of internal curing on concrete’s transport properties using appropriate curing conditions. The second objective is to validate the surface resistivity results with bulk diffusion testing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jan 2022 11:22:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1906849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing Aggregate Gradation to Reduce Concrete’s Permeability</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1906848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is two-fold. The first objective is to measure the influence of aggregate gradation on concrete’s permeability. The second is to optimize concrete mixture designs that meet strength, permeability, and workability criteria for construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jan 2022 11:11:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1906848</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Permeability Reduction of Restrained Concrete in a
Chloride-Rich Environment – Phase I
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1883835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) is currently requiring that permeability reducing admixtures be included in concrete mixtures used for bridge deck overlays through Special Provision No. 907-804-1 in an effort to improve the long-term performance of bridges. These admixtures are also included in section 713.02.4 of the 2017 edition of “Mississippi Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction” where these materials are referenced as “waterproofing admixtures.” Hydrostatic permeability reducing admixtures (PRAHs) typically contain hydrophilic crystalline materials that react with water and byproducts of hydration to form non-water-soluble deposits that reportedly seal pores, capillary tracts, and hairline cracks in hardened concrete. This makes hardened concrete less permeable and more resistant to ingress of chloride ions that corrode reinforcing steel and create costly repairs. This study evaluates two hydrostatic permeability reducing admixtures for their effectiveness in reducing permeability and sealing hairline cracks in hardened concrete. Three concrete mixtures were evaluated including one with no permeability reducing admixture (control mixture) and two mixtures each using a hydrostatic permeability reducing admixture. Hardened concrete properties used in this evaluation included; compressive strength, rapid chloride permeability, surface resistivity, cracking tendency, and chloride ion content. While all data developed for this study did not ascertain the benefit of the current practice of requiring permeability reducing admixtures in portland cement concrete for bridge deck overlays, one product did reduce chloride ion intrusion through hairline cracks when compared to the control mixture]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Oct 2021 09:01:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1883835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rating Concrete Permeability Based on Resistivity Measurements</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1877221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Sep 2021 10:01:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1877221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measuring Concrete Permeability with CHIP</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1865407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project is a continuation of a previous IDEA project (NCHRP-199) that developed a prototype device to determine the permeability of hardened concrete using X-rays to measure the penetration of a tracer. In this follow-on project, the current instrument sample holder was improved so that larger samples could be scanned. This new sample holder is also able to find the locations of previous scans to allow the investigation of various sample orientations, saving operator time and making the device easier to use. The software for the device was also improved to make it easier and faster for the user. The use of the developed technology was evaluated through three case studies. The first case study focused on the effectiveness of wet curing and how different curing lengths impacted the diffusion coefficient (D<sub>ic</sub>) of the concrete. Next, the performance of the silane sealers was evaluated in field cores. Finally, the long-term change in D<sub>ic</sub> was measured with mixtures that contained different amounts and types of fly ash. The reliability of the technique was further improved by increasing the number of orientation to evaluate the sample and the width of the analysis area. Finally, work was done to decrease the testing time from 28 days to roughly 6 hours. The test can be accelerated by using electric current to drive the tracer through the concrete. Further research is needed to make this technique applicable to a wide range of materials. An overview of the test method is provided with the suggested language that may be helpful in developing a testing standard. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jul 2021 15:53:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1865407</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validation of the PFC Underdrain to Remove Standing Water on Pavement Surface</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1652663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overarching objective of Research Project 0-6843 was to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporated subgrade drain (usually called “underdrain”) in the permeable friction course (PFC) pavement to facilitate drainage of stormwater within and on the pavement. It was found out that in general the underdrain could effectively remove standing (ponding) water on the pavement surface under moderate to heavy rainfall conditions. Based on the influence range of underdrain, researchers proposed spacing for underdrain under various pavement slope and rainfall intensity. This project implements the results of that study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Sep 2019 15:30:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1652663</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPR-4336: Improvement of Scaling Resistance of Pavement Concrete Using Titanium Dioxide (Tio2) and Other Nano-additives</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1577628</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective of this research is development of reliable and relatively inexpensive method of improving the scaling resistance of pavement concretes containing fly ash.  Additional benefits may include increased resistance to chemical attack by deicing chemicals and increase in mechanical properties of concrete pavements. If successful, the proposed method of increasing scaling resistance of fly ash concrete will allow for extension of the construction window for usage of fly ash while, at the same time, increasing durability of concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Jan 2019 14:22:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1577628</guid>
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