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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Legal Aspects of Transit and Intermodal Transportation Programs. Topic 20-03. Policing and Public Transportation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1722785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transportation agencies strive to offer safe, clean, courteous, and accessible service for the safety, convenience, and comfort of their customers. To achieve these standards, public transportation agencies must enforce rules and police their system against problems like vagrancy, trespassing, vandalism, and violence. Some agencies have their own dedicated police force; others rely on local police. In either case, the policing of public transportation systems raises a variety of legal questions like coordination among forces, who has jurisdiction when a crime crosses city/county lines, the distinction between civil and criminal behavior, constitutional search and seizure issues, balancing public safety concerns with Second Amendment rights, evidentiary demands, and public records laws. In addition, public transportation systems rely upon police forces to enforce customer codes of conduct and to prevent stations and vehicles from becoming shelters for persons experiencing homelessness.
The objective of this research is to produce a report that provides practical advice and a summary of the law for lawmakers, police forces, public transportation agencies, and their attorneys to consult when making decisions about how to police public transportation systems. This research will result in (1) a comprehensive summary of the constitutional issues applicable to the policing of public transportation systems; and (2) a review of select public transportation agencies as examples of the organizational and contractual structures used to effectively police vehicles and premises.
Specific issues to be examined include:
(1) Fourth Amendment; 
(2) Second Amendment; 
(3) Homelessness; 
(4) Fare enforcement, including the use of post-certified versus non-post-certified officers, and the effects of an open/closed or paid-fare/free-fare system; 
(5) Common carrier; 
(6) Public relations;
(7) Discrimination/profiling; 
(8) Inter-force agreements; 
(9) Issues raised by multiple jurisdictions. 
The legal research digest should include the following:
(1) A comprehensive summary of constitutional issues relating to the policing of public transportation systems;
(2) A discussion of legal questions implicated by the enforcement of fare policies, codes of conduct, homelessness, and the general policing of public transportation;
(3) Reviews of lawsuits that have challenged or resulted from the policing of public transportation systems;
(4) A summary of the organizational and contractual structure of select public transportation agencies, including organizational charts, and inter-agency and inter-force agreements;
(5) Recommended strategies for effective administration, training, and enforcement; and
(6) Discussion of potential pitfalls: what terms or practices to avoid if possible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2020 18:55:47 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Virtual Reality Implementation for Public Engagement: Display 1 - Work Zone Safety ST-006</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1508219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this project is threefold:
1. Develop interactive virtual reality applications for the work zone safety demonstration virtual reality (VR) display as specified in the Request for Proposal Document.
2. Develop instruments for evaluating the effectiveness of disseminating information from the VR display with the application developed in item 1.
3. Use instruments developed in item 2 to conduct the evaluation, analyze the data, and summarize the results in a report.
As requested in the RFP, the PI and his team (the VR team) will work closely with the members of the Technical Advisory Committee at the Iowa Department of Transportation throughout the duration of the project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Apr 2018 11:57:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1508219</guid>
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      <title>Training and Technology Transfer for Accessibility Guidelines for Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1447425</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this research was to develop and conduct a training and technology transfer program for the guidebook developed under NCHRP Project 03-78B, Guidelines for the Application of Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes to Assist Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities. The key components of this training program are to (1) develop a public affairs package, (2) prepare training materials, (3) teach 6 in-person workshops per year over two years for 12 training sessions (including one pilot workshop), and (4) deliver 3 webinars over the two-year period. The materials developed as part of the NCHRP 3-78B project will serve as the basis for this training program. The audiences to be included in these workshops may include engineers/administrators who may be responsible for making decisions about roundabout and channelized turn lane designs and installations, and Orientation & Mobility (O&M) professionals who wish to understand better the tradeoffs and considerations of roundabouts and channelized turn lanes for pedestrian access.
 
Agency's final report is available to download at:https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/03-78C/FinalReport.pdf
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2017 17:44:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1447425</guid>
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