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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Economic and Safety Trade-offs of Interchange and Access Drive Separation Distances
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2627344</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research project will evaluate whether the Iowa Department of Transportation’s (Iowa DOT) minimum separation standards between interchanges and first access points are overly restrictive and potentially detrimental to development opportunities around those interchanges. To achieve this, the project will utilize deep learning techniques to analyze high-resolution aerial photographs to identify interchanges on state-owned roadways, their first driveway access points, and the specific aspects of development status, such as the presence of commercial or residential buildings, vacant land, or agricultural use of the surrounding land. Crash data from the Iowa dataset will be examined to assess safety outcomes about these separation distances. A critical part of the analysis will involve evaluating the economic potential of these lands and estimating the impact of separation standards on land utilization and potential economic growth. 
In addition to state-owned interchanges, the study will identify non-interchange intersections with roadways with similar AADT levels, the number of lanes, if a median is present, and other relevant geometric features to access management. The closest access point will be determined for these intersections, mirroring the approach taken with the interchanges. The crash history for these locations will be retrieved to compare the safety performance of interchanges and non-interchange intersections directly.
This analysis, focusing on interchange and access point separation distances, will help isolate the effect of these separation standards on safety and development, controlling for traffic volume and other features. By examining interchange and non-interchange sites under similar conditions, the research will determine if the minimum separation distances at interchanges are justified or could be adjusted to better balance safety with economic development, potentially informing future policy decisions. The research will also determine the amount of developable land that could be available should the standards be relaxed.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2025 14:36:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2627344</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bridge Construction Schedule Compression</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2458794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Iowa Department of Transportation currently estimates the cost of accelerated bridged construction (ABC) as 10% more than the cost of a normal, detoured bridge project, per chapter 3 of the Iowa Bridge Design Manual (OBS 2017). While the cost of ABC materials has been investigated more extensively and can be linked to overall project durations, there is little relevant data available to speak into the relationship of cost and time in compressed traditional projects. The scope of work proposed here will document the construction of a bridge constructed under a compressed time schedule. This documentation will serve the Bridges and Structures Bureau evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of utilizing compressed schedules.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Nov 2024 12:46:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2458794</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovation Program Peer Exchange - 2024</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2373883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT) would like to advance its Innovation program by hosting a Research & Innovation Peer Exchange.  This meeting will take place in Des Moines, Iowa, from September 24-26, 2024.  

The focus will be on the following topics: 
(1) Innovations versus research: ways they intersect, complement each other, and diverge. How are research and/or innovation included in an agency’s mission, vision, or values statement? In its long-term strategic goals? How does an agency foster a culture of innovation while also stressing the implementation of research? What are successes, best practices and lessons learned? What are the challenges?
(2) How to encourage and promote innovation within a DOT and across a state. 	What methods do agencies use to identify and promote innovative ideas that are being considered, tried, or used in a limited/regional capacity? What are effective marketing and communication tools for innovation? How does an agency secure buy-in—and ultimately adoption—for innovations? What are successful strategies for overcoming a risk-averse mindset? For breaking silos?
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2024 13:49:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2373883</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Project Development and Utility Coordination as a Partnership</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
State departments of transportation (DOTs) strive to deliver highway projects on time and within budget. Utility relocations are frequently cited as a primary reason for delays and cost overruns. The proposed effort will investigate approaches for enhancing the alignment of utility coordination and project development to gain efficiencies in these processes and minimize utility-related delays and costs for the Iowa DOT. The primary objective of this project is to develop procedures for the incorporation of partnership of utility stakeholders into the project development process at the concept stage. The developed guidance will include suggestions for identifying, managing, and mitigating, utility-related risks using Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE), Utility Conflict Management (UCM), and early utility coordination. The research team is experienced in this topic area and has worked at a national level and with individual state DOTs, such as Colorado, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas, to complete related and complementary efforts. This study will provide guidance for improved collection and use of utility location data for project development decision making and an improved process to align and integrate project design and utility coordination. These efforts stand to streamline project development and reduce delays and added costs of utility-related issues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2024 11:43:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Roadside Soil Quality Restoration Practices</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are important to mitigate the stormwater quantity and quality of land development on roadsides. Runoff from impervious pavement surfaces creates a substantial disturbance to natural hydrologic processes. Many options are available to manage stormwater on roadsides including detention basins, bioretention basins, and permeable pavements. However, these structural-based practices are costly to build and maintain. An alternative cost-effective SCM is to restore the quality of the existing roadside topsoil. In the proposed study, various cost-effective soil quality restoration treatments will be evaluated to effectively manage stormwater runoff on roadsides. The main goal of this research project is to quantify the improvements for vegetation establishment and subsequent stormwater volume reduction by the proposed soil quality restoration treatments. The research methodology involves conducting both field and greenhouse experiments to determine the selection and mixing ratios of different cost-effective additives such as composts, proprietary soil amendments, and biochars for rapid restoration of roadside soil quality. This work will also investigate the impact of soil compaction and tillage effects on roadside soil quality restoration. Primary tasks for the project will be the development of a specification and implementable guidance for these restoration techniques. The objectives will be achieved in six phases: (1) review of current Iowa DOT practices; (2) collection and determination of the physicochemical properties of the soils and additives mentioned above; (3) greenhouse study; (4) construction and monitoring of field plots; (5) cost analyses; and (6) development of an implementable guideline to help in the selection of the proper additive materials and mixing ratios, and construction and maintenance methods (e.g., mower type and mowing frequency) for roadside soil quality restoration in terms of performance and cost-benefit. The outcome of this research in the form of a construction guideline and a design specification could be immediately implemented by Iowa DOT.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 19:29:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344961</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Iowa Mobile ID</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344951</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
Iowa DOT aims to develop and test a new way to access state-issued identification through an effort called Iowa Mobile ID. More than just a digital image of an ID, Iowa Mobile ID is a fully interactive solution offering a convenient, secure, and private way to verify someone’s identity. While the effort to connect and display someone’s state-issued identification on a mobile device has proved successful in concept, significant hurdles remain prior to statewide rollout.

This research pilot project aims to investigate how brick-and-mortar businesses would accept and verify someone’s Mobile ID; how traveling vendors without standard point-of-sale infrastructure accept Mobile ID; what technological hurdles arise from having a Mobile ID app available for download to new and old mobile devices; what limitations may arise when internet connections are insufficient for quick and secure connections to verification databases; best practices for approaching business and public users who may be hesitant to utilize such a technology; what changes may be needed to state laws or policies to allow Mobile ID as a legal and legitimate source of identification; and next steps towards statewide rollout of the Iowa Mobile ID program.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 17:43:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344951</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Updating Progress Scheduling of the Iowa DOT Standard Specifications for Highway and Bridge Construction</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the adoption of Aurigo Masterworks software by the Iowa DOT, there is benefit to revising Section 1110 Progress Scheduling of the Iowa DOT Standard Specifications for Highway and Bridge Construction and other scheduling specifications and requirements.  The Masterworks Project Management software will be functional by June of 2021, and the Iowa DOT has enough licenses to distribute the program to contractors and county engineers.   Section 1110 of the Standard Specification for Highway and Bridge Construction describes the Progress Scheduling requirements for the contractor.  Currently, the specification is written prescriptively to favor high-end project enterprise software such as Primvera P6 by Oracle.  This is problematic because most contractors and the Iowa DOT do not have expertise in Primavera nor do they have site licenses.  As a result, contractors often must hire scheduling consultants with expertise and access to expensive scheduling software programs and the Iowa DOT has to hire consultants to review and comment on the CPM schedules submitted by the contractor.  The existing Progress Scheduling specification results in a system where most contractors and the DOT cannot even open the schedules because they don’t have licenses for the software used to create them. 

In addition to revising Section 1110, other Iowa DOT specifications and requirements need to investigated and revised to support the use of the Aurigo Masterworks software on projects of different size and scope, not just the very large projects.  All projects may benefit from some level of additional schedule detail to support management and control of the project.  However, not all projects warrant the level of detail of the larger projects. 

The combined effort of evaluating and modifying all scheduling requirements at one time allow for a cohesive set of requirements and implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 17:08:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2344945</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cyber-infrastructure Enabling Safety and Mobility Discoveries</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1601821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Iowa DOT consumes data from multiple streams which is stored to assist in smart decision making. Table 1 gives an example of some traffic operations related data sources. In addition to these sources, DOT maintains a state-of-the-art crash repository. DOT also has access to very detailed weather data through Mesonet. The data archive of all these sources extends for past several years. The cumulative data size for past 5 years of data can easily be in the range of 15-20 terabytes.
Despite access to unprecedented amount of data, the decision makers are often restricted in their ability to explore these data sets. In general, pre-canned reports are serially produced from each of these individual sources of data and circulated to the decision maker without providing a comprehensive picture of the issue. Under the present set up, a simple query, such as, how many crashes happen during congested conditions can’t be answered easily and requires a dedicated research project. There are four main reasons for inability of decision makers to easily query mobility and safety trends: (a) Current data architecture restricts queries across data sources. 
(b) Data manipulation is not distributed and hence takes a significant amount of time to come up for even a simple aggregate query, such as, average snowfall per county for a given year. (c) Lack of easy to visual or natural language based querying tool. It requires an expert to create complex programs to answer these simple questions, thus restricting decision makers to answering a few critical questions rather than having an ability to query the whole data base. (d) No automatic datamining is currently used to detect trends and anomalies. This implies that data is not being continuously mine to detect interesting trends automatically and thus the onus lies on the agency to reactively explore the data if the system crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2019 14:42:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1601821</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lateral Slide of Multi-Span Bridges: Investigation of Connections and Other Details Phase I</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1601786</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Iowa DOT continues to advance techniques for accelerating the construction of bridges in Iowa. In approximately 2020, the Iowa DOT plans to construct its first ever multi-span bridge using the lateral slide technique. This next generation of construction builds upon the successful slide of the single span bridge near Massena, IA. With the more complex construction associated with a multi-span slide, several questions have arisen regarding various connection details (particularly those at or near the piers). The work proposed here will synthesize available information on other lateral slide projects, present applicable design information, monitor bridge behavior during an upcoming lateral slide, and work with the project Technical Advisory Committee to define other needed work.
The approach proposed here is to collect information on various details and construction approaches for previously completed lateral slide projects. These projects and details will then be evaluated to identify those deemed successful as they relate to the specific Iowa DOT bridge. If deemed necessary, the research team will then determine the need for and propose on additional analytical and/or experimental investigations. Finally, where possible, design guidance could be developed for applicable details deemed to be of greatest interest and value to the Iowa DOT. To achieve the objectives of this project, several tasks are proposed. The tasks will be performed in close communication with a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) throughout the duration of the project. To this end, the research team plans to hold quarterly meetings with the TAC to update them on progress and to ensure that the research direction is as desired. The Tasks described here are the anticipated first phase of what could be a multi-phase project. After the descriptions of the Phase I tasks below, preliminary thoughts on possible additional phases are briefly mentioned.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2019 10:37:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1601786</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Late Life Low Cost Deck Overlays TR-775</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1596661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective of this study is to identify a late-life bridge deck overlay system that will provide a
sufficient service life extension but will be more cost-effective and require less closure time than
conventional overlays currently used by the Iowa DOT. The most promising late-life deck overlay system
will be identified by comparing benefit-cost ratios reported by other state DOTs and based on experience.
Overlays with years of experience as well as innovative materials with promise for future implementation
will be identified. Drafts of a standard special provision specification and design details will be provided
to the Iowa DOT. This will help the Iowa DOT further improve the economic efficiency of its infrastructure
maintenance practices. This study will additionally identify information missing in literature and provide
guidance for the development of low-cost, late-life bridge deck overlays in any future studies that may be
conducted. The following tasks have been identified to accomplish the objectives of this project:Task 1. Kick-off Meeting with TAC; Task 2. Literature Review of Overlay Systems Including Other States Practices; Task 3. Quantification of Costs, Traffic Impacts and Service Life of the Overlay Systems; Task 4. Identification of Best Candidates for Limited Life and Cost Effective Overlay Systems; Task 5. Documentation of Standard Details and Specifications for Identified Overlay Systems; and Task 6. Final Report and Project Final Presentation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2019 10:36:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1596661</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Student Programmer for the Iowa DOT - Trans Data Office</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1564602</link>
      <description><![CDATA[InTrans will assist the Office of Research and Analytics in the Performance and Technology Division at the Iowa Department of Transportation with the creation, population and update of various statewide data sets. Emphasis will be on creation and update of the data sets, e.g. interchange and linear referencing system (LRS), necessary to support the business functions of several enterprise applications within the Department. 
In addition to student programming support, InTrans will be responsible for student recruitment, personnel issues, payroll and resource/budget tracking.
Deliverables include the following: 
(1) Students will provide support to the Office of Research and Analytics, specifically in LRS related efforts; and 
(2) InTrans will monitor and administer personnel issues.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Oct 2018 09:00:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1564602</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Corn Based Deicers TR-754</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1562397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overarching goal of this proposal is to investigate the deicing potential of raw corn juice and other corn juice mixtures containing small fractions of polyols and sodium chloride (NaCl). The proposal is based on a premise that the dissolved sugar in the corn can be used as an economical efficient and environment friendly alternative to chloride based deicers. In this proposal, different inexpensive juice extraction procedures will be investigated in order to efficiently extract corn juice with maximum dissolved sugar. Along with this, corn juice mixtures with different combinations of corn juice, limited amounts of polyols derived from corn starch (sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, inositol and erythritol) and NaCl will be prepared. The deicing properties of raw corn juice and other corn juice mixtures containing polyols and NaCl will be investigated in accordance to procedures prescribed in appropriate standards. Finally, an objective scoring system will be introduced to evaluate the relative deicing performance of corn based deicers with respect to chloride based deicers. Furthermore, relative costs of the corn based deicers will also be evaluated with respect to chloride based deicers. Based on the performance and cost scores and further consultations with the Iowa Department of Transportation the top corn based deicer(s) will be identified and will be recommended for future use in the state of Iowa as an alternative to traditional chloride based deicers to improve traffic safety, re-mediate traffic congestion and to cut travel times in winter months.
The technical objectives of this study are:
(1) To identify an inexpensive and effective juice extraction process from raw corn that optimizes its sugar content and thereby deicing properties.
(2) To investigate the deicing properties of raw corn juice and corn juice mixtures with limited quantities of polyols and chloride salts.
(3) Propose a performance and cost scoring method to identify efficient, economical and readily adaptable corn based deicer/s. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:39:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1562397</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Scientific Innovations in Micro-surfacing and Slurry Seal Mixture Design TR-755</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1549927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, focus on pavement preservation implementation has been renewed as agencies face budget challenges and aging road infrastructure. Microsurfacing and slurry seals have shown great potential as fast, cost-effective pavement preservation and minor rehabilitation strategies. Microsurfacing and slurry seals can be used in high traffic areas and in areas with high traffic demands, which require rapid repairs and completion of work (Asphalt Institute 2008). A recent analysis completed by Iowa State University (ISU) researchers of Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) data has shown that the application of microsurfacing and slurry seals are providing improvements to roadway characteristics; however, based on survey results sent to county engineers, guidance of pavement preservation is still needed. A large part of understanding microsurfacing and slurry seals is knowledge of the mixture design processes. In general, the understanding of design processes for emulsion-based mixtures needs to be improved so proper field adjustments can be made in real time. This proposal aims to improve and incorporate chemistry-based measurements for microsurfacing and slurry seals to provide a quantitative metric to formulate and tweak designs both in the lab and in the field.
This research project will provide seed funding to explore a scientific approach to microsurfacing mixture design using zeta potential. Zeta potential measurements are the electrical forces that influence particle stability, repulsion, and attraction in the microsurfacing/slurry seal mixture design. The zeta potential of an asphalt-water emulsion system is the measure of the potential difference between emulsifiers adsorbed on the surface of the asphalt droplets and the conducting liquid suspension (water). If mixture components could be engineered with zeta potential, the breaking and setting of the emulsion could be more precisely controlled and scientifically adjusted. The mixture components with more negative zeta potential are holding the mixture in suspension while the components with more positive zeta potential are inducing flocculation. The point at which these components work together to chemically break the emulsion in the mixture is called the isoelectric point.
The objective of this research is to investigate the use of zeta potential as a measurement to predict setting behavior and performance of micro-surfacing mixtures. Results and comparisons between mechanical testing, methylene blue values for aggregates, and zeta potential testing will be performed.
(1) Use zeta potential to incorporate scientific measurements into micro-surfacing mixture design.
(2) Research will provide recommendations about improving micro-surfacing/slurry seal materials.
(3) Research will investigate how zeta potential titrations can be used to better formulate a slurry/micro mixture for improved adhesion properties and/or a faster setting rate to quickly return traffic to a roadway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Sep 2018 14:54:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1549927</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation on Pavement ME Design Reflective Cracking, Faulting, IRI Prediction Models, Concrete Overlays Design Tool, and Performance Threshold Levels for Iowa Pavement Systems</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1549926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objectives of this research are (1) to investigate reflective cracking predictive models for Iowa highway pavements by evaluating and calibrating the recently integrated mechanistic-based reflective cracking model in Pavement ME Design and (2) to establish and recommend Iowa pavement performance threshold levels. 
An Iowa reflective cracking performance database will be developed and prepared by using the Iowa DOT Pavement Management Information System (PMIS) and other available resources (i.e., distress images, material testing records, previous project reports relevant to Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) implementation in Iowa, etc.) By using the prepared Iowa reflective cracking performance database, the reflective cracking predictive models in Pavement ME Design will be calibrated for Iowa conditions by identifying and evaluating various optimization approaches. This will also necessitate local calibration of Pavement ME Design composite pavement International Roughness Index (IRI) prediction model coefficients. The pavement performance threshold levels for Iowa highway pavement systems will be identified and recommended to the Iowa DOT by executing a comprehensive literature review, survey/interview of SHAs pavement engineers across the nation, and historical performance analysis of representative Iowa pavement sections.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Sep 2018 14:50:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1549926</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bridge Engineering Center and Bridge Engineer Program Supplies and Equipment FY18 HR-3014</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1549924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Iowa DOT and the Institute for Transportation have an established agreement, Work Plan for the Bridge Center and Bridge Engineering Program. This work plan covers tasks to be conducted by the BE as part of his appointment with InTrans. It will include tasks that support the Iowa DOT in the development and conduct of research. Dr. Phares will also administer a companion project entitled Bridge Center and Bridge Engineer Program Supplies and Equipment. The supply costs include testing supplies (strains, gages, etc.) for small scope testing when these supplies are not part of a funded project. The supplies also include expendable items that support this bridge engineering program. Specific supplies purchased under this agreement will be mutually agreed to by Mr. Ahmad Abu-Hawash, Iowa DOT Chief Structural Engineer, and Brent Phares.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Sep 2018 14:33:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1549924</guid>
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