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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMTYiIC8+PC9wYXJhbXM+PGZpbHRlcnM+PGZpbHRlciBmaWVsZD0iaW5kZXh0ZXJtcyIgdmFsdWU9IiZxdW90O0ljZSZxdW90OyIgb3JpZ2luYWxfdmFsdWU9IiZxdW90O0ljZSZxdW90OyIgLz48L2ZpbHRlcnM+PHJhbmdlcyAvPjxzb3J0cz48c29ydCBmaWVsZD0icHVibGlzaGVkIiBvcmRlcj0iZGVzYyIgLz48L3NvcnRzPjxwZXJzaXN0cz48cGVyc2lzdCBuYW1lPSJyYW5nZXR5cGUiIHZhbHVlPSJwdWJsaXNoZWRkYXRlIiAvPjwvcGVyc2lzdHM+PC9zZWFyY2g+" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Development and Optimization of Biochar-Infused Self-Heating Concrete for Bridge Deck Deicing, Strength, and Service Life</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ongoing advances in the understanding of the chemistry and physics of infrastructure materials are making it possible to endow concrete with functional properties that include electrical conductivity, active thermal management, and charge storage. In this proposal, the research team will exploit these advances to engineer concrete bridge deck materials that can be heated in cold weather to eliminate or prevent ice formation. This functional behavior will be produced by infusing the material with moderate doses of biochar, a nanoporous and electrically conductive additive that will enable the material to conduct electricity and thereby raise the material’s temperature by Joule heating. The advent of electrically conductive concrete (ECC) will greatly reduce or eliminate the need for deicing salts in cold weather, the latter which interferes with traffic patterns when applied and shortens the service life of bridge decks by salt scaling mechanisms. In addition, the formulations will be optimized for ideal self-heating and maximum possible compressive strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 19:56:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696157</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitative Assessment of Anti-Icing Efficacy on Highway Surfaces Using Light Reflectance</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2620722</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project aims to quantify road surface condition under adverse weather in North Dakota. First, the current winter maintenance and winter road condition monitoring practices across North Dakota will be reviewed. Historical crash data will be used to identify high-risk roadway segments encountering elevated crash frequencies and/or severities related to adverse road surface conditions. The project aims to quantify the safety performance to estimate and predict crash occurrences related to adverse weather conditions using statistical modeling techniques and network screening analysis. Once the importance of road surface condition on safety is quantify, type of surface condition (ice, snow, slush) on highways using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) will be identified. A physical model for near-infrared reflectance of road surface will be developed to classify the surface condition in a noncontact manner. The models will be developed under controlled conditions and will be evaluated under field condition by determination of the optical properties of water, snow, and ice (and black ice). In the next objective, DRS-based discriminative to measure brine eutectic point and efficacy will be developed by generating samples with different portions of water, salt, and beet juice (primarily used in North Dakota) under different temperature. Through noncontact quantification of deicer efficacy, the project contributes to preservation of transportation infrastructure and safety. The research team will develop deterministic and data-driven models to correlate DRS features under different brine conditions with respect to eutectic points in a controlled environment, and benchmarking and compare the results of DRS brine models with observations. The final task of this objective is to develop a low-cost in-situ optical sensor framework for field deployment using diode lasers, super luminescent LEDs, hyperspectral camera, single-pixel and array photodiodes, and spectral filters. The payload SWaP (size, weight and power) analysis for potential Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) applications. The research team will establish an UAS operation training program for students to get UAS licensed, to shadow UAS-assisted inspections, to analyze UAS data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Nov 2025 09:43:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2620722</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NCHRP Implementation Support Program. Implementing a Guide for Snow and Ice Control Operations</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593149</link>
      <description><![CDATA[NCHRP Project 06-18, Guide for Snow and Ice Control Operations, was initiated to develop a guide that will serve as the primary source for guidance on all aspects of snow and ice control operations. The Guide has been approved by the AASHTO Committee on Maintenance for publication and will supersede the 1999 AASHTO Guide for Snow and Ice Control and other guidance on snow and ice control operations.

NCHRP Project 20-44(61) will implement the Guide through consultant-led workshops, beginning with an initial workshop involving state DOTs that have committed to participate and share winter operations data. This workshop will introduce the guide’s content, identify potential applications, assess available data, and highlight implementation challenges. A tabletop exercise will follow to help agencies evaluate and revise their severe weather plans, with an emphasis on regional coordination for improved interstate travel. The project will then work with each agency through the winter to support the adoption of changes and gather response data. A second workshop will be held post-season to review lessons learned, after which three additional regional workshops are planned, refined based on initial feedback. Recognizing that many research guides go unread, this hands-on approach aims to actively engage state DOTs and ensure the guide is effectively disseminated, with support from entities like the Clear Roads pooled fund and the AASHTO Committee on Maintenance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2025 12:07:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593149</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Ballast Performance with Freeze/Thaw Cycles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2573189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In seasonally cold regions, railroad tracks are subjected to ice formation under sub-freezing conditions and ice thawing under above-freezing conditions due to significant seasonal temperature fluctuations, posing challenges for the maintenance of ballasted railway tracks and operation safety. Currently, little attention has been given to the impact of ice formation and thawing on the permanent deformation of railroad ballast and incidents due to track stiffness variation have not been reported. This proposed research project will investigate the effect of ice formation and thawing on the permanent deformation of ballast through large-scale triaxial cyclic testing, utilizing a newly developed freezing system to simulate frozen conditions. The results will demonstrate the potential track support variation when ballast is subject to freeze-thaw cycles, under the same loading cycles. The rate of permanent deformation will be related to track settlement and help predict track geometry degradation and optimize track maintenance for enhanced track safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 20:12:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2573189</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Salt Spreader Controller Program Using Machine-Sensed Roadway Weather Parameters and Climate Data (Phase 2)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) has recently completed a research project on leveraging the instrumented mobile road weather information system (RWIS), computer vision, and a new salt application model. The research was aimed at developing four critical aspects of the intelligent salt application system, including hardware (i.e., data collection I/O and power supplies system), software (i.e., data logging, synchronization, and data fusion), algorithm (i.e., road surface classification (RSC) algorithm), and model (i.e., the salt rate prediction (SRP) model) so that an optimized salt application decision can be provided to the actuator to treat the road surfaces. Through this study, a complete hardware/software system with automated RSC and SRP algorithms has been developed, pilot-tested, and validated with promising performance. The performance of the developed system showed good results. Once implemented in a more extensive fleet of MassDOT’s material spreaders utilized during winter operations, it could save a significant amount of salt. The goal of this research is to leverage the prototype system from the previous study and to implement 1) a fully validated spreader controller system that is operated in a fleet of MassDOT’s snowplowing trucks and 2) an intelligent salt treatment program that will include weather forecasting information to better prepare for challenging situations, such as freezing rain, black ice, etc.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2025 16:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543223</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Precast concrete with self-powering defrosting capability</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2491005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Each year, 24% of weather-related vehicle crashes occur on snowy or icy pavement and 15% happen during snowfall or sleet. Over 1,300 people are killed and >116,800 people are injured in vehicle crashes on snowy or icy pavement annually. Snow and ice increase road maintenance costs. Winter road maintenance accounts for ~20% of State DOT maintenance budgets. State and local agencies spend more than $2.3 billion on snow and ice control operations annually. Each year, these road agencies also spend millions of dollars to repair infrastructure damage caused by snow and ice. This exploratory project is aimed at developing precast concrete with self-powering defrosting capability. Defrosting capability has long been shown to be effective in cement-based materials by resistance (Joule) heating, provided that conductive admixtures are used to reduce the resistivity. Short carbon fiber is the most cost-effective conductive admixture to greatly lower the resistivity, so that resistance heating becomes effective. Short steel microfiber is even more effective than short carbon fiber, but it is much higher in price.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2025 11:56:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2491005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combining Specific Heat of Concrete and Actuator Placement Optimization for Self-Powered Ice-Melting Precast Concrete Bridge Panels</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2491025</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavement deicing represents a substantial cost to every municipality and a danger to motorists. These dangers are more significant on bridge decks due to the lack of ground insulation and the fact that concrete, commonly used on bridge decks, is a poor insulator which results in a readily freezing road surface. The relatively high specific heat of concrete also means that a substantial amount of energy is required to maintain a temperature above freezing. These factors are the main contributors to why heated concrete pavements are not feasible. The objectives of this exploratory project are to (1) interrogate the specific heat of concrete formulations incorporating alternative admixtures and aggregates, (2) model the thermal transfer properties of the various materials, and (3) compare the experimental and modeled thermal properties to determine the optimum combination of constituents.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2025 11:40:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2491025</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of an Advanced Snow-Melting Geopolymer Concrete Utilizing Graphene Nanoplatelets and Landfilled Fly Ash</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2410494</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The construction industry faces the critical challenge of developing durable and high-performance concrete materials capable of withstanding harsh cold climates while reducing reliance on energy- and resource-intensive materials. Traditional concrete pavements in cold regions suffer from delayed snow melting, which leads to increased accidents, higher road maintenance costs, and a greater need for deicing chemicals. These chemicals not only further degrade infrastructure but also harm the environment. Moreover, the diminishing availability and quality of traditional fly ash, a widely used supplementary cementitious material, presents a considerable obstacle to the sustainability of concrete. Given these challenges, there is an urgent need to explore innovative materials and advanced methods for producing high-performance concrete. This project will investigate a novel concrete system that leverages nanomaterial advancements with initiatives to harvest landfilled fly ash. The primary objective of this research is to develop and test a new type of geopolymer concrete composite that incorporates graphene nanoplatelets, fiber reinforcement, and beneficiated landfilled fly ash to achieve enhanced electrical conductivity for efficient snow melting, improved resiliency, and increased mechanical properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 2024 16:27:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2410494</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>South Dakota Blowing Snow Mitigation Strategies, Prioritization, and Implementation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2377865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blowing and drifting of snow is a major concern for safety, transportation efficiency, and road maintenance in regions subject to intense snowfall and winds during the winter season.  Snow blowing (or drifting) across and accumulating on the roadway leads to reduced driver visibility and induces ice formation on roads posing serious safety concerns and leading to an increased number of incidents.  The impacts of snowfall and snowdrifts on highway traffic are mitigated with a variety of methods and activities implemented before, during, and after snowstorms.  One mitigation strategy is the deployment of snow fences.  Snow fences can be temporarily or permanently installed along the roadway.  They are deployed in areas prone to snow drifting as either structural barriers (constructed using lightweight construction materials) or as living fences (composed of a combination of planted shrubs, trees, and tall grasses) that act as a windbreak to effectively trap the snow before it blows onto the road which reduces winter maintenance costs and crashes. Another mitigation strategy is grading improvements. Grading improvements can provide additional snow storage in a cut section and allow snow to blow clear of the roadway in a fill section.
Due to the wide variety of options and conditions, a guidance document would be beneficial to determine appropriate locations, strategies, and benefits.  The South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) currently has locations identified and plans in place for locations on the interstate system.  Existing snow fence locations on the state system are inventoried in Geographic Information System (GIS).  This proposed research is intended for non-interstate rural highways on the state system.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2024 16:23:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2377865</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Winter Maintenance - A Deicing Products User Guide</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2317367</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This guide will support local agencies who are looking for ways to balance the environmental requirements of the MPCA while providing clear, safe roadways after a winter event.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jan 2024 11:20:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2317367</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fast Detection and Prediction of Slippery Roadway Conditions for Enhanced Safety</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2291287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Black ice, a nearly invisible hazard, contributes to over 10% of weather-related crashes in the U.S., causing 200,000 annual accidents, 700 fatalities, and 65,000 injuries. Traditional methods for detecting black ice involve fixed sensors and signs, but new vehicle-based technology offers cost-effective real-time data. However, obtaining comprehensive road condition data during inclement weather remains expensive and risky. State agencies must collect pavement surface data for asset management, yet the relationships between surface characteristics, weather conditions, and ice formation are not adequately understood. Research is needed to predict slippery conditions using existing data. Prediction of slippery conditions can be potentially more critical than detecting slippery conditions due to changing weather patterns and weather extremes.
This project aims to develop predictive models for slippery road conditions by collecting data with Mobile Advanced Road Weather Information Sensors (MARWIS) sensors and Pave3D 8K on roadway segments before, during, and after inclement weather. The collected data will be used to create predictive models for different weather scenarios. The primary goal is to develop predictive models that can anticipate slippery road conditions under different weather scenarios. These prediction models can then be applied to identify potentially slippery areas across Oklahoma, using the annually collected PMS datasets by ODOT. The primary goal of this project is to enhance highway safety.
The aforementioned goals will be achieved through four tasks: Task 1: Data Collection: Use MARWIS technology to measure road conditions, including temperature, humidity, and road state. This data will be collected on selected testing sites based on weather forecasts and in collaboration with ODOT; Task 2: Surface Characteristics: Assess field friction values and collect pavement surface characteristics data using the Grip Tester and Pave3D 8K technology to understand their impact on road slipperiness; Task 3: Slippery Road Prediction Models: Leverage data from MARWIS and surface characteristics and create predictive models using statistical and machine learning methods for forecasting road conditions during rainy or icy days; Task 4: Implementation: Incorporate statewide surface characteristics data from ODOT into the predictive models, presenting results in a Geographic Information System (GIS) database for better situational awareness and road maintenance support.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Nov 2023 21:40:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2291287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Sustainable Snow-Free Pavement to Mitigate the Negative Effect of Road Salts on Soil and Water Environment</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2264131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Extreme weather in winter, characterized by prolonged and severe conditions, is anticipated soon due to climate change. Consequently, the utilization of deicing chemicals such as salts (including Chloride-based, Formate-based, and Acetate solutions) is inevitable. These chemicals are employed to ensure driving safety and minimize fatal accidents, particularly on critical infrastructure like bridges, highway ramps, and transportation corridors.
However, the introduction of chemical solutions into surface runoff, with subsequent infiltration into groundwater, poses significant environmental challenges. This phenomenon can have adverse effects on both soil and water ecosystems, potentially accelerating water eutrophication. Long-term road salt application leads to elevated chloride concentration in groundwater, rivers, lakes, and freshwater bodies, which disrupts aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, sodium chloride (NaCl) impacts abiotic processes in soil and water. A recent study conducted in New York highlighted the impacts of road salts on private wells in the Town of Orleans, New York State. Moreover, road salts can alter soil structures and influence biotic communities. Therefore, it is imperative to explore alternative pavement de-icing methods to mitigate soil and water contamination.
This project aims to reduce chloride pollution in soil and water ecosystem with the use of active (circulating heat carrier fluid) or passive (use of higher thermal conductive elements) geothermal system. Shallow geothermal energy presents a viable solution for pavement de-icing, promoting safety while eliminating the environmental concerns associated with chemical deicers. In the case of active geothermal systems, heat exchanger tubes can be embedded within the concrete pavement to effectively de-ice the surface. Additionally, the project will investigate an innovative passive system that leverages geothermal energy to prevent ice accumulation on the pavement surface. The passive approach involves the installation of solid heat exchangers composed of materials with high thermal conductivity, deep within the soil (20 to 30 feet) to transfer geothermal heat to the surface. Both active and passive geothermal systems offer alternatives to chemical usage, particularly road salts, thus preventing soil and water contamination. By embracing these geothermal solutions, the project aims to revolutionize pavement de-icing practices while safeguarding the environment.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2023 19:04:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2264131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Retrofit, Self-Contained, and Smart Solar Ice Control System for Resilient Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2262934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The proposed project herein will implement a micro-radiant heating system (MRHS) as a retrofit layer on the surface of existing concrete pavement. The technology will utilize a combination solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system and novel thermally active materials to keep surfaces free of snow and ice. The self-contained system will effectively provide heating, improve safety, reduce winter maintenance, while reducing carbon emissions to the environment compared to existing technologies, and eliminating the usage of deicing salt for the control of ice/snow during cold seasons. To enhance the performance, the system will incorporate low operating temperature phase change material (PCMs) based heat transfer fluid (HTF) and surface composition to circulate/store the energy in the system. The latent heat release from the PCMs provide backup source of energy during days when little-to-no-sun is available. As an additional benefit, the system will reduce the number of freeze-thaw cycles experienced by the pavement, improving long-term durability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2023 18:21:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2262934</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of On-Board Liquid Distribution System for Winter Maintenance 
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2256359</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The pumps currently used by ODOT on snowplow trucks to dispense liquid materials lose the desired output accuracy as the truck varies in speed. As a result, operators are not able to consistently meet ODOT's application guidelines and any data captured is questionable. The issue worsens as operators switch pump settings from prewetting to application. Over time, ODOT has been utilizing substantially more liquids for snow and ice prevention. Having the right equipment that ensures materials are being dispensed accurately and reliably could provide a huge benefit to ODOT's winter operations.

The goal of this research is to identify or design a liquid material pump that can consistently and accurately dispense a snowplow's on-board liquid anti-icing material at various speeds. This research will expand on the findings from an active ROC task that is gathering information on the state-of-practice for these types of pumps by installing recommended pump(s) on ODOT equipment, evaluating their performance during winter and providing recommendations. Successful results can help ODOT reduce waste, increase efficiencies and make the winter roads safer for the traveling public.          ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Sep 2023 11:28:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2256359</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Data and Development of Journal Paper - Trafficking Machine and Friction Data</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research evaluated seven commercial rock salt deicers to assess if a custom-built trafficking machine and non-contact grip sensor could be used to detect differences in performance between deicers. Deicer performance was measured as mean surface grip values during trafficking and after plowing. Mean surface grip values were compared and analyzed based on deicer type, application rate, air temperature, and snow density.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jul 2023 13:25:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221867</guid>
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