<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Hollow-Core UHPC-Steel Columns with UHPC Socketed Connection
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696153</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Limited techniques are available to accelerate construction of bridge substructures. Previous research was conducted by the research team on innovative hollow-core FRP-concrete-steel (HC-FCS) bridge columns consisting of an ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) or self-consolidating concrete (SCC) core sandwiched between an outer fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube and an inner steel tube. The results of these previous projects indicated the proposed column design had significant potential, but lingering questions remained about the possibility of eliminating the FRP outer shell and relying on UHPC to provide required confinement of the steel tube and durability of the overall column. The proposed project will build on the results of the previously funded projects on HC-FCS columns sponsored by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) and ABC-UTC to extend to UHPC-steel (HC-US) columns and to examine unanswered questions relative to column composition, UHPC thickness, and column-footing connection. The project will consist of experimental testing of four approximately half-scale column and footing specimens with variation in steel wall thickness and column to footing connection type. Results from the proposed research will provide an improved basis for comparison with completed finite element modeling and for subsequent design guidelines, thereby increasing the likelihood of implementation. The final report will include a section with guidance for design and construction of the proposed HC-US columns. These guidelines will include equations to determine steel thickness, UHPC thickness, footing and girder embedment depths, and nominal flexural and shear strengths of HC-US columns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 19:42:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696153</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Full-Scale Performance Evaluation of a Modular, Lightweight, UHPC Panel System for Repair of Corrosion-Damaged Steel H-Piles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2695941</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project directly supports the mission of the Center for Healthy and Durable Transportation (CHDT) by advancing innovative, implementable solutions to extend the service life of aging bridge infrastructure. The research focuses on developing and validating a modular, lightweight ultra-high-performance concrete panel system (UHPC-PS) for rehabilitating corrosion-damaged steel H-piles—critical substructure elements in United States bridges. By integrating advanced materials such as fiber-reinforced UHPC and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) grids with practical field deployment strategies and full-scale performance validation under realistic service and seismic loading, the project enhances infrastructure durability, constructibility, long-term performance, and public safety, directly benefiting transportation agencies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 16:26:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2695941</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing a Roadmap for Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2684169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of this pooled fund study are to: (1) Facilitate communication and information sharing among member states on the project topic, as well as with participants of the Fourth International Interactive Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC). (2) Establish a forum for technology and knowledge exchange to enhance the practical understanding of UHPC implementation among member states. (3) Develop a strategic roadmap for future UHPC use and advancements, including the identification of research needs and the formulation of research ideas to be pursued through NCHRP, Pooled Funds, grants and other funding mechanisms.

The anticipated benefits of this pooled fund are: (1) Minimized disruption to the traveling public by reducing the frequency and duration of bridge deck repairs. (2) Lower maintenance costs resulting from the enhanced durability and performance of UHPC wearing surfaces. (3) Improved worker safety through reduced exposure to on-site repair activities due to less frequent maintenance needs.

The participating state departments of transportation (DOTs) will provide input throughout the project and benefit from shared insights into technologies used to date, as well as lessons learned from past projects across various regions. Additionally, they will gain exposure to the latest advancements to be presented at the Fourth International Interactive Symposium on UHPC, which will cover topics including UHPC material innovations, recent applications, and the long-term performance of UHPC-designed structures. Pooled fund participants will attend the symposium free of charge.


]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 14:07:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2684169</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultra-high performance concrete composite decks for long-span coastal bridges (OSU)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2663233</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Coastal and marine environments present some of the most aggressive conditions for bridges, due to exposure to salt spray, high humidity, chloride ingress, and cyclic wet-dry cycles. Many of the nation’s longest span bridges are in and around tightly constrained coastal regions and these bridges commonly employ orthotropic steel decks (OSD) to reduce dead weight and improve structural efficiency. Conventional orthotropic steel plate decks are vulnerable to fatigue cracks in welded joints, deck plate corrosion, and deterioration of overlays under harsh environmental loading. Many of these OSDs are failing well short of their intended design lives. To overcome these limitations, this project will develop and validate a novel UHPC-composite steel rib deck system as a replacement for conventional OSDs for long-span bridges. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) offers high compressive strength, ductility, low permeability, and durability. We propose to make relatively thin UHPC slabs composite with strategically embedded structural steel ribs to produce a direct replacement for conventional OSDs but with reduced weight, equivalent or better stiffness and load carrying capacity while mitigating past persistent fatigue and corrosion issues. 

The research consists of four (4) phases. First, conceptual design and modeling: we will create analytical and finite element models of composite deck panels, varying parameters such as rib geometry, spacing, shear connectors, UHPC thickness, and interface behavior. Second, fabrication and laboratory testing of prototype panels that will be constructed and tested under repeated load cycles modelling wheel loads on the deck surface, environmental (freeze/thaw, chloride exposure), and static failure tests to measure structural performance characteristics including stiffness, crack patterns, fatigue life, and ultimate capacity. Third, interface and connection optimization where shear connections between the UHPC and steel ribs will be optimized to produce reliable composite action and minimal slip under repeated loading. Fourth, develop design guidelines using test data to produce simplified design rules and apply the system concept to a real long-span bridge as a case study.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Jan 2026 12:05:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2663233</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of UHPC Shell Stay-in-Place Formwork and BCSA Cement Concrete Prestressed Girders</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2646949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Precast prestressed bridge girders are used for a large percentage of bridges in the United States. These bridges are susceptible to deterioration at the supports due to leaking expansion joints and end region cracking caused by high stresses at the beam ends. This project will evaluate the feasibility and structural performance of a hybrid precast, prestressed concrete girder system that utilizes an ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) shell stay-in-place formwork or end region insert and rapid setting belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cement concrete. UHPC is a relatively recent advancement in cementitious composite materials with mechanical and durability properties far exceeding those of conventional concrete. This research is intended to address the concern of end region durability by encapsulating the girder concrete with a nearly impermeable layer of UHPC that is also resistant to cracking. The rapid setting of BCSA cement concrete and use of stay-in-place forms can increase the speed of production of the prestressed girders and BCSA cement concrete has reduced prestress losses over time.  

The research will consist of evaluating small-scale behavior of composite UHPC shell and BCSA cement concrete compression and flexural elements, and construction and testing of large-scale prestressed beam elements. The objectives of the project are to evaluate the feasibility of using rapid setting BCSA cement concrete in conjunction with a UHPC shell for prestressed concrete elements, determine flexure and shear failure mechanisms and associated capacity for composite UHPC shell elements, and develop effective interface details for the UHPC shell to BCSA cement concrete. This work will be conducted through a series of five tasks. Task 1 will evaluate the surface preparation and deformation compatibility using small-scale testing. Task 2 will consist of the design of prestressed beam specimens using different shell surface preparations and locations along the beam. Task 3 will consist of prestressed beam specimen construction. Task 4 will include flexural and shear testing of the prestressed beam elements. Task 5 will consist of preparing reports and disseminating the project information. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 09:02:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2646949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rehabilitation of Deteriorated Timber Piles Using Ultra High Performance Concrete </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2646939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The proposed research focuses on rehabilitating deteriorated timber piles using Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) to extend the service life of aging bridge infrastructure commonly found across rural Louisiana. Timber piles are increasingly affected by environmental and biological degradation, particularly at wet-dry interface zones, as well as physical damage from floating debris, excessive loading, and failure of adjacent piles. Full replacement of the piles is often economically unfeasible, making an effective rehabilitation solution essential due to its lower cost, reduced material usage, and minimal disruption to service.  

This project will develop a novel UHPC-based rehabilitation strategy specifically tailored for deteriorated timber piles, with the goal of restoring structural performance, enhancing durability, and enabling practical field implementation. A key technical contribution lies in the development and experimental validation of an effective composite interface between timber and UHPC. Through targeted small-scale experiments, the bond and shear transfer mechanisms at the timber-UHPC interface will be quantified, and optimal surface preparation techniques will be identified to maximize bond performance, an area currently lacking standardized guidance. Large-scale experimental testing will generate a comprehensive dataset on the structural performance of deteriorated timber piles strengthened with UHPC jackets, evaluating the effectiveness of different rehabilitation configurations. These tests will assess critical performance parameters such as axial load-carrying capacity, stiffness recovery, and failure modes, under conditions that simulate field-relevant deterioration.  

Complementing the experimental work, advanced finite element modeling will be developed and validated against the experimental findings. This model will capture the complex interaction between timber and UHPC under service conditions and will serve as a predictive tool for evaluating the efficacy of different rehabilitation configurations. Through a comprehensive parametric study, the model will be used to investigate the influence of key design variables. The findings from both experimental and numerical investigations will provide valuable insights into the structural enhancement achievable through UHPC rehabilitation and will significantly advance current practice by development of practical design guidelines and recommendations. This work will promote the adoption of UHPC as durable, high-performance solutions for extending the service life of aging timber piles in transportation and waterfront infrastructure. 

Consultation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) will guide the research direction and assist in planning future in-field applications. By delivering a scalable, effective, and economically viable rehabilitation strategy, this research directly supports the mission of the Southern Plains Transportation Center (SPTC) and aligns with the USDOT’s statutory priority of improving the durability and extending the service life of transportation infrastructure. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 22:38:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2646939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development Of Ultra High performance Concrete With Low-Density Flexible Fibers For Bridge Applications</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2633323</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) for bridge elements, repair materials, and other applications often contains 2 % to 3 % by volume of steel fibers to impart resistance to plastic shrinkage, improve its resistance to abrasion and impacts, and to provide additional strength and fracture toughness. However, steel fibers are much heavier than organic fibers such as polypropylene (PP) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), while their stiffness and tensile strength are only modestly greater. UHPC for bridge elements could be made with a lower density and potentially higher strength-to-weight ratio if it could be reliably made with PP or PVA fibers instead of steel. PP and PVA fibers have the additional advantage that they are not susceptible to corrosion, are inert in alkaline environments, have negligible water absorption, impart greater impact resistance and abrasion resistance, and contribute less to greenhouse gas emissions than their steel counterparts. The objective is to determine the compressive strength, fracture toughness, and strength-to-weight ratios of chemically pretreated PP-reinforced UHPC as a function of PP dosage. The property variations with these variables will be linked to fiber dispersion and macro flaws using lab-scale X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 15:26:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2633323</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-Carbon Ultra High-Performance Concrete for Use in Highway Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the State of Oregon seeks to reduce its carbon footprint and phase in lower-carbon materials, low-carbon ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced construction material that offers new opportunities for the future of highway infrastructure. The use of conventional UHPC is reported to eliminate the cracking and leakage that occurs when normal strength concretes or grouts are used, especially in existing bridges constructed with welded / grouted keys that have shown poor performance (Stanton and Khaleghi, 2020; Peruchini et al. 2021). At the same time, the use of conventional UHPC can enable the deployment of simplified connection details with shorter discrete reinforcement splice lengths and a reduced number of conflict points, which are beneficial for both new bridge construction and repair, retrofit, or rehabilitation of existing bridges. However, proprietary UHPC solutions are costly, and thus there is increasing interest in developing non-proprietary UHPC mixtures. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) conventional UHPC research and development program has produced a range of publications on the performance and use of UHPC. This includes the recently developed FHWA 13100 Technical Brief, which includes minimum requirements for non-proprietary UHPCs. However, the research performed by FHWA has so far not addressed the use of low-carbon materials. On the other hand, research has shown success in implementing low-carbon solutions for normal strength concretes by reducing Portland cement content by 15%. To date, limited to no research exists regarding development of low-carbon UHPCs (LCUHPCs) for bridge applications. Thus, the lack of non-proprietary LCUHPC mixture designs, lack of non-proprietary, on-site mixing methods and equipment, and absence of general QA/QC, are gaps that need to be addressed to allow the State of Oregon to meet their phased implementation of resilient, lower carbon materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 11:57:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Facilitating Further Scalability and Field Implementation of Illinois-Specific Nonproprietary UHPC Mixes</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has nearly five times the strength of traditional concrete but cannot be mixed using traditional methods due to its density. Researchers aim to devise methodologies for practical field deployment of nonproprietary UHPC mixes developed in Illinois Center for Transportation and Illinois Department of Transportation project R27-232 for use in construction and repair projects. Other aspects of methodology development include a framework for safe and cost-effective construction practices. More widespread adoption of UHPC will help provide longer-lasting structures, reducing time and money spent on repairs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 10:11:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593924</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultra-High Performance Concrete Overlays in Virginia</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2587117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bridge deck deterioration is a major concern in infrastructure maintenance, primarily caused by corrosion of reinforcement due to chloride intrusion, environmental factors, and traffic-induced wear. Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a promising material for bridge deck overlays due to its superior durability, low permeability, and crack control properties. This study builds upon previous research comparing different fiber-reinforced concretes (FRCs) namely, Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), Very High-Performance Concrete (VHPC), and UHPC. Based on the findings, UHPC has been identified as one of the suitable materials for further study and field implementation.  In this study, UHPC overlays will be installed and performance monitored for at least a year.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 09 Aug 2025 09:18:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2587117</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Innovative Two-Layered System for Upgrade of Steel Culverts (UHPC Shotcrete + Sprayable Self-Healing Concrete)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research proposes using Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) shotcrete combined with sprayable self-healing concrete to upgrade steel culverts, addressing challenges related to aging, deterioration, and increased traffic. An accompanying project will also be carried out at Innovative Bridge Technologies/Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center (IBT/ABC-UTC) that will be complementing this project. Overall, the research results will accomplish the project vision and objectives. Many U.S. steel culverts are approaching the end of their service life due to corrosion, wear, and soil erosion, which can result in structural failure and significant environmental and economic impacts. This study aims to optimize effectiveness of sprayable UHPC by applying self-healing concrete mixtures, evaluate their mechanical and durability properties, and assess their combined performance when applied to steel culverts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 May 2025 15:36:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549030</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Repair and Upgrade of Steel Culverts Using Sprayable Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research proposes using Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) shotcrete to repair and upgrade steel culverts, addressing significant infrastructure challenges posed by aging, deterioration, and increased traffic demands. Many U.S. steel culverts are nearing the end of their service life, suffering from corrosion, wear, and soil erosion, which can lead to structural failure and severe environmental and economic consequences. This study aims to optimize UHPC shotcrete mixtures, evaluate their mechanical and durability properties, and assess their effectiveness in repairing and upgrading steel culverts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 May 2025 15:23:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UHPC Connection For SDCL Steel Bridge System</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549026</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the development of optimized ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) connections for simple for dead load and
continuous for live load (SDCL) steel bridge systems. SDCL bridge
systems eliminate field splices, reduce inspection costs, and improve
service life by protecting steel girder ends with a cast-in-place concrete
diaphragm. While previous designs utilize normal-strength concrete
(NSC), this study explores the advantages of UHPC, including superior
compressive and tensile strength, durability, and minimal steel
reinforcement and detailing requirements. The research consists of
experimental validation through cyclic and ultimate load testing, finite
element modeling, and comparative analysis with NSC-based designs.
The proposed UHPC connection simplifies girder-end detailing, reduces
diaphragm size significantly, and minimizes on-site construction time and
disruptions, which aligns with the principles of accelerated bridge
construction (ABC). The outcomes of this study will contribute to devise
refined design guidelines, promoting practical implementation of UHPC
in SDCL steel bridge applications for improved structural efficiency and
long-term performance with minimal maintenance and inspection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 May 2025 15:20:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549026</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Durability and Cost-Benefit Assessment of Innovative Materials for Bridge Deck Maintenance and Construction</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543852</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) manages one of the largest state transportation networks in the US, including over 9400 bridges. For existing and newly built bridges, concrete decks are the primary area of concern for durability due to aging, increased load demands, and direct exposure to corrosive environments, especially throughout the coastline and the Lowcountry. As a result, excessive cracking (e.g., due to aging, shrinkage, overloads, exposure to chloride salts) and corrosion-related damage (e.g., concrete spalling, loss of reinforcing material) are all-too-common conditions that hinder safety, reduce capacity, and negatively affect user satisfaction.

The condition of the State’s bridge decks is reflected in the National Bridge Inventory. In 2018, for the first time, the number of bridges rated as ‘Fair’ (4855, over 50% of the total) surpassed those rated as ‘Good’. This trend shows what bridge inspectors are well aware of—that the rate of deterioration exceeds the rate of rehabilitation and replacement. The outlook is that a ‘State of Good Repair’ is increasingly challenging, despite the SCDOT’s growing maintenance efforts.

In fact, the cost and impact on mobility of bridge maintenance and new construction put a premium on accelerating the transition to innovative deck materials that offer unprecedented durability and cost benefits. Compelling examples are ultra-high performance concrete, specialty admixtures (e.g., shrinkage-control, nano-amendment), cementitious-matrix overlays, externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems, galvanized steel bars, and noncorrosive glass FRP (GFRP) bars whose cost is now on par with black steel.

In addition to bridge deck research, the proposed research will also focus on developing standard repair procedures for various bridge components. An emphasis will be placed on developing procedures that are relatively easy to perform by maintenance forces with commonly available equipment.

The proposed research aims to bridge the gap between state-of-the-art and field implementation. Doing so requires addressing a lack of familiarity by practitioners, a difficulty with assessing cost benefits, and a limited availability of SCDOT provisions and tools for design, and life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for asset management.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2025 09:09:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543852</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grouted Post-Installed Concrete Anchorages</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2540175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this project is to investigate the feasibility of cement-based grouted anchors less than 1” in diameter in lieu of adhesive-based systems with the focus on developing a basic understanding of the primary design variables: embedment type (i.e. threaded, headed, or deformed shanks), hole details, and grouting materials (i.e. standard high-strength grouts and ultra-high performance concretes (UHPC) with and without expansive additives). The research team will conduct proof of concept testing with a focus on the ultimate limit state and failure modes of the systems. Other key variables such as anchorage group and edge distance effect may be considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2025 08:11:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2540175</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>