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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Cement-Based Pavement Markings</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2689760</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavement markings provide continuous safety information to roadway users related to the roadway alignment, vehicle positioning, and other important driving-related tasks. During nighttime hours on many roadways, pavement markings are the only roadway asset to guide and regulate traffic, and their visibility becomes even more critical during nighttime wet conditions. Additionally, today pavement markings must be visible not only to human drivers but also to the machine vision technology of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) common in many vehicles.
For these reasons, it is important that pavement markings are performing well and are both durable and retroreflective (provide nighttime visibility) to aid with safe roadway navigation. However, there are many factors that can affect pavement marking performance, such as the environment, traffic, and winter maintenance practices. The Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans) experiences significant challenges with all of these factors. Vermont’s climate, which has low winter temperatures and harsh freeze-thaw cycles, places considerable strain on a pavement marking material’s capacity to remain bonded to the pavement surface. The repeated freeze-thaw cycles have caused marking materials to crack or peel. The tire abrasion from high traffic volumes, especially heavy truck traffic, accelerates wear on pavement markings, and winter maintenance practices, particularly in northern states like Vermont, significantly impact the longevity and effectiveness of pavement markings. The frequent mechanical abrasion from snowplows accelerates marking degradation, and deicing agents cause chemical degradation such as fading, stripping, and surface damage.
Besides the potential safety risks to roadway travelers, there are other consequences for rapidly deteriorating pavement markings. The financial costs to VTrans for frequently replacing markings can be significant. Costs include not only the material, equipment, and labor for installation, but also the administrative costs for programming and managing striping contracts, as well as indirect economic costs for disruption to traffic. The traffic disruption can also have a negative impact on the traveling public, such as traffic congestion, delays, and driver frustration.
However, a relatively new pavement marking material, a polymer modified cement pavement marking called Enduramark, has a high potential for being more durable than most other marking materials. The cement-based marking has performed well for over three years in heavy snowplow environments. With a longer service life, it also has the potential for having a highly competitive annualized cost. The purpose of this study is to conduct a measured evaluation of the Enduramark’s performance on VTrans roadways, determine an estimated service life, and from the service life calculate the material’s annualized cost. The study will support the Agency’s Strategic Plan Goal 2: Grow Vermont’s economy by providing a safe, reliable, and efficient transportation system in a state of good repair.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Apr 2026 09:40:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2689760</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seasonal Weight Restriction Decision Making Based on Understanding and Monitoring of Frost Susceptibility of Pavement Structures</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2671988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to critically assess the variation of stiffness, temperature and moisture throughout the base and subbase structure to better determine the capacity of roads as the seasons transition from winter to spring. The objectives of this project are to critically assess the variation of temperature, moisture, stiffness and strength throughout the base and subbase structures during different driving seasons to better determine the capacity of roads from winter to spring to summer driving seasons. And propose an interpretation and analysis protocol of continuously collected data to create a decision-making process for the frozen road declaration, midseason thaw, ending the frozen road declaration, and imposing and ending spring weight restriction in the State of Wisconsin.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 11:28:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2671988</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving Moisture Resistance/Control of Pavement Foundation Systems via Engineered Water Repellency
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2659346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this project is to evaluate the use of nanoscale organo-silane (OS) to control water and increase subgrade and overall pavement performance. It will also explore the extent to which OS can mitigate frost heave-thaw settlement and thaw weakening of frost susceptible pavement foundation layers. This will be achieved through the completion of four objectives: (1) collect both subgrade soils and OS materials; (2) develop a viable treatment design for field construction; (3) construct test sites with OS and without OS (control) and evaluate their geomechanical (e.g., stiffness, strength, F-T durability) and environmental (e.g., temperature, moisture, and matric suction) performances; and (4) collect data and calibrate numerical models. Advanced technologies provided as a match to the project will be used, including Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and shape array sensors (SAS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 16:09:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2659346</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>2503 Enhancing MALP and MKP as Repair Materials Through Joint Usage and in combination with Ceramic Paint</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2606541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this research is to address the corrosion performance of conventional reinforcing steel in uncracked and cracked magnesium-aluminum-liquid-phosphate (MALP) concrete and magnesium-potassium-phosphate (MKP) concrete in simulated repairs of Portland cement of both high and low quality. Reinforcing bars will be evaluated in both a clean and passive state and in an actively corroding state. The project will evaluate the ability of MALP concrete to withstand freeze-thaw cycles both as an individual material and in conjunction with Portland cement concrete. CeramycGuard will be investigated as a possible method to limit the penetration of salt solution into MKP to improve the corrosion resistance provided to reinforcing steels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Oct 2025 12:05:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2606541</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Ballast Performance with Freeze/Thaw Cycles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2573189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In seasonally cold regions, railroad tracks are subjected to ice formation under sub-freezing conditions and ice thawing under above-freezing conditions due to significant seasonal temperature fluctuations, posing challenges for the maintenance of ballasted railway tracks and operation safety. Currently, little attention has been given to the impact of ice formation and thawing on the permanent deformation of railroad ballast and incidents due to track stiffness variation have not been reported. This proposed research project will investigate the effect of ice formation and thawing on the permanent deformation of ballast through large-scale triaxial cyclic testing, utilizing a newly developed freezing system to simulate frozen conditions. The results will demonstrate the potential track support variation when ballast is subject to freeze-thaw cycles, under the same loading cycles. The rate of permanent deformation will be related to track settlement and help predict track geometry degradation and optimize track maintenance for enhanced track safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 20:12:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2573189</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cryosuction and Its Role in Infrastructure Distress from Freeze-Thaw Cycles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2534019</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavement infrastructure in cold regions experiences significant distress due to freeze-thaw cycles, which govern moisture migration, frost heave, and post-thaw weakening. Cryosuction, the process by which water is drawn toward freezing fronts due to soil suction, plays a critical role in this phenomenon by intensifying frost heave and accelerating pavement deterioration. However, the influence of cryosuction on moisture migration and subsequent pavement damage remains insufficiently understood, particularly concerning varying soil properties, salinity levels, and environmental conditions. The proposed study aims to quantify the role of cryosuction in moisture distribution during freeze-thaw cycles and examine its effects on soil freezing characteristic curves (SFCC) and soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) across different salinity levels. An experimental approach will be employed, involving soil suction measurements, moisture content analysis, and frost heave observations using advanced geotechnical instrumentation in a setup that will be fabricated as a part of this study. The results will provide clarification regarding the relationship between cryosuction, soil properties, and pavement distress, enabling the development of advanced models and potential mitigation strategies. This study through its findings will contribute to the design of more resilient pavement systems, reducing maintenance costs and extending infrastructure lifespan in cold climates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Apr 2025 12:34:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2534019</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Introducing Smart Materials in Granular Roadway and Pavement Foundation Systems for Mitigating Freeze-Thaw Damage</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2509048</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
The objective of the proposed research is to investigate the extent to which phase change materials (PCMs) mitigate the impacts of freeze-thaw cycles on heaving and strength loss among frost susceptible subgrade soils. This new mitigation method has the potential to dramatically extend the service life of civil infrastructure systems while demonstrating the use of smart materials as a novel method for soil improvement. Seasonal frost heaving and freeze-thaw weakening have a significant effect on granular and local roadways. A lack of insight as to and viable solutions for these problems exacerbates maintenance costs. The principal hypothesis of the proposed work is that PCMs will help keep the soil temperature above freezing (> 0 °C) for longer which will minimize the existing and capillary water in soils to freeze and form ice lenses thereby preventing frost heave and strength loss in subgrade soils. This hypothesis will be tested via a series of state-of-the-art laboratory-scale tests under various settings, and numerical modelling. The proposed research contains three phases: (1) characterization; (2) optimization; and (3) performance. The characterization phase will determine the index and physicochemical properties of soils, PCMs, and soil-PCM mixtures while the optimization phase will determine the best inclusion method for PCMs in soils. Experiments in the performance phase will evaluate how PCM inclusion impacts the frost heave and the strength loss after freezing and thawing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Feb 2025 17:04:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2509048</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Phase-II: Addressing Durability Concerns in Binders with Interlayer Reinforcement for 3D Printed Elements</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2480350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) is one of the fastest emerging technologies and involves layer by layer building of a binder material with additives without the use of formworks while enabling the design freedom to produce complex structural geometries. To enable this technology to reach end use applications in construction such as printing large scale fail-safe concrete structural elements, the low tensile strength of concrete is to be overcome. These structures are constantly subjected to environmental deterioration mechanisms affecting their durability and life. Moreover, lack of knowledge and data about durability of 3D printed reinforced concrete structures hinders the growth of this digital fabrication method to truly offer its advantages towards transportation. 
Phase-I of this project titled “Durability Assessment of Binders with Interlayer Reinforcement for 3D Printed Elements” is under investigation to understand the effect of deterioration mechanisms such as chloride ingress and freeze and thaw on the mechanical performance, and flexural strength capacities of (a) cementitious binders with successive layers representing 3D printed elements, and (b) cementitious binders with different types of reinforcement incorporated at the interface between successive layers. 
Phase-II proposes solutions to address the durability concerns assessed from preliminary investigations in Phase-I which are: (1) steel deterioration is higher when compared to deterioration in fiber reinforcement due to aggressive environments; (2) the reinforcement at the interface needs a protective barrier to prevent ingress; (3) a small portion of reinforcement extends out of the interface and is therefore exposed which needs additional protection. The objectives of Phase-II are to investigate two solutions that can potentially address the durability concerns of cementitious binders with different types of reinforcements incorporated at the interface between successive layers: (i) Investigate the suitability of polymer surface finishings for 3DCP with interlayer reinforcement, and (ii) Investigate the effect of a printed protective barrier using the same 3DCP mix around the reinforced 3DCP with sufficient design modification to create a strategic interface mismatch. 
Eight tasks have been curated to realize these objectives. Task 1: Coordinate with ACI 548 vice-chair Dr. Moneeb Genedy (Stakeholder) to identify which polymer resin and constituents may be ideal for a protective system against 3DCP to investigate objective (i). Task 2: Design outer layer external to 3DCP element using SolidWorks that enables interface mismatch and bonds with the fiber reinforcement to investigate objective (ii). Task 3: Acquire materials from Transpo and Euclid Chemicals who have actively donated materials for the PI’s ongoing work to investigate objective (i). Task 4: Develop a mix design for polymer surface protection for either spray-on or application technique to investigate objective (i). Task 5: Print 3DCP specimens with three types of interlayer reinforcement – steel, Glass Fiber (GF) and Carbon Fiber (CF). Task 6: Subject beam specimens (along with protective measures) to two types of deterioration mechanisms- freeze-thaw and chemical ingress exposure. Task 7: Perform flexure test on beam specimens. Task 8: Conduct post testing analysis and understand reinforcement behavior.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 16:01:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2480350</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Pavement Preservation Performance in Dry Freeze and Wet Freeze Regions Using LTPP Dataset and a Questionnaire Survey</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2440835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main goal of this proposed research project is to evaluate the effectiveness of various preventive maintenance treatments in cold regions, including both dry-freeze and wet-freeze areas. To achieve this, the project will begin with a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art practices and established methodologies in preventive maintenance. Following this, the research will involve collecting long term pavement performance data on pavement conditions and preventive maintenance treatments.

A questionnaire survey will be developed to gather information on current preventive maintenance techniques and their perceived effectiveness in cold regions across the United States. Statistical analysis will then be conducted to identify and assess the significant factors influencing the effectiveness of these maintenance treatments. The final objective is to evaluate the impact of different preventive maintenance treatments by measuring performance improvements or immediate enhancements in pavement conditions following treatment application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 13 Oct 2024 15:53:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2440835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Evaluation of HMA Treated with Hydrated Lime and Liquid Antistrip Agents</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2431176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) has been using the test procedure CP-L5109 - Resistance of Compacted Bituminous Mixture to Moisture Induced Damage – (based on AASHTO T-283) to report the percentage of remaining asphalt mixture tensile strength after immersion saturation and one freeze-thaw cycle. This test has worked well as a basic screening for the potential of stripping mixtures and is often the first indicator on a construction project that the required hydrated lime is not being properly added to the contractors asphalt mixture. Pavements in Colorado are typically subjected to between 50 and 200 freeze thaw cycles during an average year. Hydrated lime has proven successful in mitigating moisture damage over the typical life span of Colorado pavements statewide.

It is proposed that approximately five asphalt mixtures be selected to represent typical materials across Colorado. These mixtures shall be composed of recently crushed aggregates and, as available, recycled asphalt pavement in mixtures designed for use on active or recent CDOT construction projects. When possible, known sources of moisture sensitive aggregate sources will be intentionally targeted for inclusion in the study mixtures.

Each mixture will be tested for the tensile strength remaining (TSR) in accordance with CP-L5109 at the AC content for which it was designed for project use. Each mix will be tested for TSR with no antistrip agent, with Lime, and with each liquid antistrip (LAS) additive. Testing will compare the unconditioned sample strength with the strength after five freeze-thaw cycles. Aggressive climate conditions in Colorado are the justification for the use of 5 conditioning cycles in this testing regimen to represent conditions pavements will face over their performance life.

This study will leverage the ongoing testing and data analysis being conducted by the Utah DOT to make lab comparisons between Lime and LAS impact on mixture resistance to moisture damage over long periods of time. Study results will be used to compare the performance of Lime and available LAS agents on Colorado asphalt mixtures with the goal of determining if alternatives to Lime can be viable additives to combat moisture damage. Potential secondary outcomes will be a methodology to approve and specify requirements for LAS alternatives on CDOT projects.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 09:35:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2431176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Rubber Powder to Improve Freeze/Thaw Resistance of Concrete</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2362122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traditional concrete mixes used in highway construction projects are required to have an air void structure to aide with the continuous freeze/thaw cycles during winter seasons. Current practice is to use an  Air Entrained Admixture (AEA) which at times has its difficulties when it is used in conjunction with some Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs). The use of rubber powder in concrete is not a new idea but has not been greatly researched. The objective of this project would be to determine the rubber powder particle sizes and percentages for concrete mixes that could replace using an AEA while not jeopardizing the integrity of the final product.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Apr 2024 10:52:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2362122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing Embodied Carbon with Mineral-Blended Polymeric Microspheres
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2325916</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project will evaluate the performance of a mineral-blended polymeric microsphere powder used to construct concrete pavement test sections at MnRoad. The microsphere concrete mixtures will be compared with a reference mixture that contains conventional air entrainment and existing mixtures evaluated at MnRoad. Performance will be monitored over a 3-year period. The three-fold objectives for evaluating the microsphere mixtures are as follows: (1) determine the reductions in cement content that can be achieved with typical pavement concrete mixtures in which air-entraining agents are replaced with the microsphere-powder blend; (2) develop test data on strength and freeze-thaw durability for selected concrete mixtures to support application of the microsphere concrete mixtures in pavement construction; and (3) quantify the sustainability benefits of use of microsphere concrete in lieu of conventional air-entrained concrete mixtures.
 ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jan 2024 14:20:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2325916</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Durability Assessment of Binders with Interlayer Reinforcement for 3D Printed Elements</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2291291</link>
      <description><![CDATA[3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) is one of the fastest emerging technologies and involves layer-by-layer building of a binder material with additives without the use of formworks while enabling the design freedom to produce complex structural geometries. To enable this technology to reach end-use applications in construction such as printing large-scale, fail-safe concrete structural elements, the low tensile strength of concrete is to be overcome. Incorporating reinforcement such as steel between printed layers to carry tensile stress is at the risk of exposure to environmental degradation mechanisms such as chloride ingress and freeze-thaw which affect their durability due to lack of formwork and the weak morphology of the interface.
In this study, it is hypothesized that intrusion of chlorides and exposure to freeze-thaw will decrease the flexural strength and interlayer strength of reinforced 3DCP elements. In addition, 3DCP elements with fiber-reinforced polymers may show increased resistance to deterioration mechanisms while improving flexural and interlayer strength. This project aims to assess the durability properties of cementitious binders with interlayer reinforcement to aid in the design and development of 3DCP elements for transportation systems. The objectives of the proposed study are to answer two issues: the effect of deterioration mechanisms such as chloride ingress and freeze and thaw on the mechanical performance, and flexural strength capacities of (a) cementitious binders with successive layers representing 3D printed elements and (b) cementitious binders with different types of reinforcement incorporated at the interface between successive layers.
The following tasks will be pursued to achieve the aforementioned objectives: (1) developing a database of mix design for 3D printed concrete by targeting the specific workability requirements; (2) preparing specimens with steel, glass fiber (GF), and carbon fiber (CF); (3) subjecting specimens to deterioration mechanisms including freeze-thaw and chemical ingress; (4) testing specimens without exposure, with freeze-thaw exposure and chemical ingress exposure in flexure and obtain a database with graphs of load vs displacement behavior; (5) investigating failure interfaces using microscopic analysis; (6) performing a training session for rural STEM high school teachers; and (7) identifying large-scale structures for 3D printing durable elements.


]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Nov 2023 21:53:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2291291</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Freeze-Thaw Durability of Rapid-Setting Concrete</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2270037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Given the regular wintertime freeze-thaw cycling that occurs in Utah and the extensive exposure of concrete utility collars, concrete pavements, and bridge decks to deicing salt, 
Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) has requested this new research on the durability of a rapid-setting calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSAC). In particular, the objective of this research is to evaluate aspects of a typical CSAC mixture (CTS Rapid Set cement) that relate to freeze-thaw durability. The scope includes field sampling of previously placed CSAC, lab testing, and analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Oct 2023 19:10:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2270037</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utilization of Regular or Carbonized RCA for KDOT Paving</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2255772</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete pavements in Kansas experience on average thirty-three freeze- thaw cycles during a year in-service. Both the aggregate and the cementitious paste are susceptible to freeze-thaw deterioration. KDOT has implemented minimum air content requirements for concrete mixtures and prequalification of aggregate using KTMR 22 (a 9-month testing procedure) to minimize premature freeze-thaw deterioration of pavements. The implementation of strict prequalification requirements has enhanced durability but restricted availability and increased costs of coarse aggregate (predominantly limestone in Kansas) for paving.
Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), produced by crushing out-of-service concrete structures and pavements, can be a viable alternative to virgin aggregates for producing concrete for paving applications. Studies conducted by various state DOTs (Indiana, Tennessee, Iowa) show that replacement of virgin aggregate with RCA resulted in some (0 – 25%) reduction in freeze-thaw durability of the resulting concrete. The reported variability in the freeze- thaw performance can be attributed to (a) the source of RCA and/or (b) non-uniformity in mixture designs studied across different state DOTs. In particular, for concrete mixtures containing fly ash, the freeze-thaw performance of concrete containing RCA was similar to that of concrete prepared using virgin aggregates. Furthermore, all studies concluded that concrete containing RCA showed lower mechanical properties than concrete prepared using naturally mined aggregates. The high porosity of RCA was deemed responsible for the observed reduction in mechanical properties, especially flexural strength.
During the carbonation of RCA CO2 reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form calcium carbonate, which is harder and has larger solid phase volume than Ca(OH)2. Therefore, carbonated RCA (cRCA) has lower porosity than RCA and consequently the concrete prepared using cRCA shows better mechanical properties compared to concrete prepared using RCA. Furthermore, concrete containing cRCA has also showed lower gas and water permeability, chloride permeability, and carbonation depth compared to concrete prepared using RCA. However, no investigation has been conducted to evaluate the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete prepared using cRCA. Therefore, the research outlined in this proposal seeks to determine the performance characteristics of RCA and cRCA for KDOT paving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Sep 2023 15:50:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2255772</guid>
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