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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Weather Radar Augmented Positioning (WRAP) Technology for Aerial Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2675937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Problem Statement: As the modern transportation
navigation systems increasingly rely on Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS/GNSS) signals, the potential transportation safety risks also
increase significantly should there be intruptions in
transmitting or receiving GPS/GNSS signals in the
events such as strong solar wind activities,
unintentional interferences, or intentional jamming.
To mitigate these transportation safety risks, several
alternative positioning technologies are being
actively developed. These technologies include using
ground-base GPS/GNSS pseudolites and using signal
of opportunities (SOP) transmitted from cellular
towers and LEO communication satellites. However,
the deployment of ground-based GPS/GNSS
pseudolites are still very limited and facing several regulation hurdles over potentially causing
interferences and human RF exposure risks. The coverage of cellular signals are still lacking in rural
or remote areas, and not available at higher altitude above the ground level (AGL), and using LEO
satellite signals for navigation are more complex and expensive. This project will explore the
utilization of the radar signals transmitted from the existing NEXRAD WSR-88D Weather Radar
Network for navigating aerial vehicles. These signals are within the designated 2700-3000 MHz
frequency band with 25 MHz bandwidth. The two key advantage of these SOP signals are strong
signal strength and wide coverage of almost entire US.
Objectives: The main research objectives of this project include demonstrating the feasibility of
using the strong ubiquatus weather radar signals for aerial vehicle navigation needs, defining the
key system hardware and software requirements, and identifying performance limitations.
Scope: This 12-month research effort will include (1) characterizing the NEXRAD signal strengths
and waveforms, (2) investigating distributed receiving antenna strategy, (3) developing positioning
algorithms, and (4) analyzing the positions accuracy and limitations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 15:37:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2675937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility Assessment of Family-Friendly Transit Fares</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2636141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Families face a range of challenges when navigating public transportation systems in the United States, and those challenges extend far beyond fare payment. While many agencies have implemented individual fare capping to improve affordability, current fare structures, policies, and system designs do not reflect the full set of needs associated with traveling with or as a family. Issues related to strollers, boarding with small children, ride-free policies for young riders, school-age access, seating and space constraints, accessibility for caregivers and dependents, and other family-oriented considerations all contribute to inconsistent or difficult user experiences across agencies.

These gaps have significant implications for household mobility and affordability. In 2023, transportation accounted for an average of $13,174, or 17 percent of annual income, for U.S. households—making it the second-largest expenditure after housing. Without clear, consistent, and family-friendly transit policies, families often encounter financial and practical barriers to using public transportation for daily travel. These challenges can influence household travel behavior, potentially reducing ridership, limiting children’s independent mobility, and undermining agencies’ goals related to equity, customer experience, and community access.

At the federal level, there is increasing emphasis on improving safety, affordability, and the overall ease of travel for families. Recent research—such as the forthcoming TCRP B-53 report, Addressing Public Transportation Needs of Women and Families—identifies many of these concerns, but agencies lack practical, operational guidance on how to address them. The opportunity now is not simply to restate the needs, but to determine how agencies can operationalize family-friendly policies and practices within existing service, infrastructure, and fare systems.

Given these dynamics, there is a clear need for research that examines how transit agencies can develop and implement family-friendly transit policies, including but not limited to fare capping. Such research should consider policy, governance, operational, technological, customer service, and accessibility factors, and should identify models that agencies of different sizes and contexts can realistically adopt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 20:00:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2636141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stick &amp; Scan: Perching Uncrewed Aerial System for Efficient In-Situ Non-Destructive Inspection of Transportation Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2622014</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims to develop and demonstrate a perching-capable Uncrewed Aerial System (UAS) for efficient, in-situ non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of transportation infrastructure, particularly in difficult-to-access locations such as the undersides of bridges. While UAS platforms are widely used for visual inspection, their application for contact-based NDE is rather limited due to challenges in stability, power consumption, and force control during flight. To address these challenges, the proposed UAS integrates a thermoplastic-based perching mechanism and a planar sensor positioning system, enabling stable attachment to structural surfaces and precise scanning using contact sensors. The research has two primary objectives: (1) to design and build a perching UAS platform, and (2) to demonstrate its feasibility for deploying contact-based NDE technologies in both lab and field settings. An external advisory board will guide feasibility testing and support technology transfer. This project addresses U.S. DOT goals related to infrastructure safety and resilience and is expected to advance automated inspection methods while reducing risks to human inspectors. Outcomes will be disseminated through workshops, webinars, and conference presentations targeting practitioners and industry stakeholders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Nov 2025 15:06:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2622014</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>2502 Evaluation of In-Place Asphalt Mix Density using DPS</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2606538</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inadequate and non-uniform compaction during construction is a leading cause of premature distresses in asphalt pavements including cracks, potholes, permanent deformation, and reduced service life. Issues with compaction generally result in too high or too low density of the asphalt layer which may reduce the long-term durability of the flexible pavement. Like many state agencies, Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) requires coring to obtain field samples to assess and control the density of the asphalt layer during construction. The drawbacks of pavement coring are that the locations are selected randomly, and the process is destructive, relatively expensive, and labor intensive. A Dielectric Profiling System (DPS) is a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)-based rolling density system that provides real-time density measurement for the entire pavement section. This study will investigate the suitability of the DPS as a quality assurance (QA) tool for evaluating the quality of compacted pavements in Oklahoma. Working with ODOT and industry partners, this study plans to collect field data using DPS and develop dielectric-density calibration curves for different ODOT asphalt mixes. The dielectric-density calibration curves will be validated by comparing with conventional density measurement methods. In addition, information needed for the future implementation of this technology in Oklahoma will be developed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Oct 2025 11:26:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2606538</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Texas Ports Readiness and Opportunities for Alternative Fuels</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593188</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research team will conduct a comprehensive assessment of Texas ports' readiness to integrate alternative fuels, identifying infrastructure gaps, fleet transition opportunities, and economic growth potential. Key project outcomes will include a Texas Ports Readiness Index, a spreadsheet-based tool for evaluating port readiness, fleet transition feasibility assessment, and clear, actionable recommendations for advancing Texas ports readiness for alternative fuels. These outcomes will equip the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) with the necessary data, tools, and strategies to position Texas as a leader in alternative fuels at ports, enhancing port resilience and economic competitiveness in the evolving global energy landscape.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2025 12:37:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593188</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Retrofitting TxDOT Prestressed Box Beams with Composite Cast In Place Concrete Deck</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593186</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research team will develop and evaluate retrofit strategies for existing Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) prestressed box beam bridges by integrating a composite, cast-in-place concrete deck. Numerous such bridges, constructed without a concrete deck, exhibit longitudinal cracking, leakage, and maintenance challenges. Retrofitting with a composite deck will address these issues while improving structural performance, facilitating bridge widening, and increasing service life. The research team will include a literature review, cost comparisons, and preliminary analytical modeling to assess retrofit feasibility. Experimental testing will be conducted to evaluate retrofit techniques including doweled stirrups, surface roughening with a saturated surface dry (SSD) substrate, and other appropriate retrofit designs that improve shear key-deck/overlay composite action. Full-scale testing and numerical analyses will validate the structural behavior of the retrofitted system. The research team will provide TxDOT with detailed design recommendations, including analysis methods and design details for implementation. The expected Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for this project is 8.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2025 12:32:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2593186</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating Surface Applied Pavement Marking Glass Bead Packages</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2577108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This implementation project will assess the feasibility of incorporating higher-performing glass beads into Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) paint crew practices. It will account for various factors, including marking material types, roadway surfaces, traffic volumes, and winter maintenance conditions. By addressing these considerations, MnDOT aims to enhance marking visibility and ensure consistency statewide. Selecting glass beads that maintain higher retroreflectivity over time can improve nighttime visibility, extend marking durability, and enhance roadway safety across Minnesota.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:46:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2577108</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility of LED Solar Street Lighting</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2486973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Street lighting provides documented safety benefits. Because of this, many segments and intersections of Minnesota’s roadway network have some form of lighting device. Traditionally, these devices have power supplied directly through wires; however, in rural areas it is often cost prohibitive to run dedicated power to remote intersections. Recently, this wiring has become the target for theft and vandalism, causing significant damage and cost for transportation agencies. This study will attempt to address these concerns (remote areas and theft) by assessing the feasibility of solar powered illumination devices in a variety of contexts around Minnesota.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:25:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2486973</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Steel-free Sinusoidal Joints to Support North Carolina Concrete Airport Pavements 
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2563768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete pavements are critical components of North Carolina’s airports.  Owners desire long service lives of these pavements, with only minimal required maintenance or rehabilitation.  These pavements must also provide smooth, well-draining surfaces with appropriate surface characteristics and a low incidence of spalling and edge slivers that could become foreign objects or debris (FOD) that could damage aircraft.  Effective load transfer across joints in the concrete slabs is imperative to the performance of the pavement when loads traverse the joint as well as to the durability of that joint over time.  Airport owners and the public are also becoming increasingly interested in improving the economics and durability of airport infrastructure, seeking design and construction approaches that lower impacts, and extend infrastructure service life.  Resilient design approaches that buffer against supply chain issues and provide solutions that support rapid construction and reduce operational disruptions are also of interest to the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT).

Many concrete pavements, including those used in airport applications are jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCP).  JPCP typically include dowel bars placed across transverse joints to provide vertical support and to transfer loads from slab to slab. Tiebars are also used in JPCP, typically along transverse joints, to prevent slabs from separating and to provide load transfer across the joint.  These steel components of JPCP are a significant cost to owners and are also associated with significant environmental impacts.  An alternative to traditional steel dowels and tie bars capable of ensuring suitable performance of pavement joints is of interest to NCDOT and other stakeholders that own and maintain rigid pavements.  

A novel joint design that does not include reinforcing steel or dowels was recently constructed at the Charlotte-Douglas International Airport (CLT) at longitudinal joints along Taxiway Mike during a 2019 rehabilitation project.  The joint has a sinusoidal shape extending along adjacent vertical faces of the pavement slabs, with the sinusoidal profile mirrored between adjacent slabs.  The “sinusoidal joint” design achieves load transfer across the adjacent slabs due to interlock along the sinusoidally-formed plane, rather than via embedded metal dowels or tie bars.  This joint was easily constructed by using sinusoidal shaped side forms attached to the slipform paver used for airfield pavement construction.  Subsequent evaluation of the joint indicated that the as-constructed sinusoidal joint provided sufficient load transfer, but its performance could be improved through optimized design, fabrication, and installation techniques.  Due to the ease of construction and lack of the need for steel, the sinusoidal joint offers a more efficient and economic approach to achieving load transfer in concrete airport pavements, and potentially roadway pavements, across the state.  

The overall goal of this study is to further investigate the potential for steel-free sinusoidal joints to be used in airfield pavements, providing guidance and recommendations on design, optimization, construction, and evaluation of the sinusoidal joints for use by NCDOT and other stakeholders.  Products will include: (1) Guidance and models for sinusoidal joint design in thicker pavements at commercial service airports as well as in thinner pavements more prevalent in the 62 publicly owned general airports across North Carolina. (2) A draft specification that could be used as a project special provision for design and construction of sinusoidal joints at North Carolina airports. (3) Characterization of the performance of sinusoidal joints at CLT, as well as validated numerical models, that could inform the design and deployment of sinusoidal joints at other North Carolina airports. (4) Feasibility analysis of the potential use and benefit of sinusoidal joints in other roadway applications. 

Development and deployment of steel-free, sinusoidal joints in airfield pavements, and potentially roadway or other pavements, will directly support NCDOT in improving the economy and constructability of their concrete pavement infrastructure.  Experimental characterization, numerical analyses, and field performance data collected will support an improved understanding of this novel economical, and low impact joint design, while also ensuring that concrete pavements are safe and durable, with reduced maintenance costs.  If sinusoidal joints are a desirable feature in many airport pavements, their use would yield savings (in millions over years) and more optimally utilize state and federal tax dollars allocated for construction and maintenance.  

Products from this research would be utilized by the NCDOT Division of Aviation, as well as several other units, including the Materials and Tests Unit in conjunction with the Pavement Management Section and the Construction Unit.  Although this novel joint is to be studied in an airfield pavement application, the sinusoidal joint could be of interest in highway pavement or other concrete pavements constructed for NCDOT use.  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jun 2025 12:32:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2563768</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of U.S. Vehicle Capacity Models for Multilane and Turbo Roundabouts

</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558402</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Turbo roundabouts are designed to limit improper lane changing behavior within multilane circulatory roads by providing physical lane separation. Turbo roundabouts also feature more radial entries than conventional designs, which may affect vehicle entry paths, speeds, and gap acceptance. Originating in Europe, turbo roundabouts have been gradually adopted internationally. Although many state, local, and tribal transportation agencies are contemplating turbo roundabouts as potential alternatives for new or reconstructed intersections to improve safety and operations, to date only a few have been constructed in the United States.

A key question in implementing turbo roundabouts in the United States is vehicle capacity, as drivers may approach, enter, and navigate these facilities differently from conventional roundabouts. A U.S.-based capacity model for turbo roundabouts does not currently exist, and European models are not directly transferable due to differences in driver behavior, vehicle characteristics, and design practices. In addition, the existing multilane roundabout capacity model in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), 7th edition, was developed over a decade ago and cannot account for key geometric factors that influence capacity and operations. In addition, changes in design practices and increased driver familiarity with roundabouts may have further affected the model’s accuracy since its development.

Research is needed to support efforts by state departments of transportation (DOTs) to assess operational performance of multilane and turbo roundabouts.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop adaptable vehicle capacity models for multilane and turbo roundabouts to accurately estimate performance by considering key geometric factors such as entry and exit angles, inscribed circle diameters, and physical separation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 09:52:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558402</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Transportation Data Quality

</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies—along with the rapid emergence of generative AI (GenAI) tools—is of strong interest among state departments of transportation (DOTs). These tools have the potential to improve operations, analytics, and decision-making. However, the effectiveness of these tools depends heavily on the quality of the data used to train large language models (LLMs) and to support retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for accurate results.

Many state DOTs are exploring how AI can automate routine tasks, allowing staff to focus on higher-value analytical work. High-quality data are essential to realizing the full benefits of AI integration across transportation systems. Yet many DOTs are facing challenges with data that are incomplete, inconsistent, or not aligned with established business rules and standards.

As AI technologies advance, a key question arises: Can AI itself be used to assess, identify, and correct data quality issues? If so, these tools could not only improve the accuracy of the data but also enhance the performance of the AI systems that rely on it—while reducing the effort needed for data maintenance.

Research is needed to explore what is feasible today, what advances may be possible, and what resources or strategies are required to apply AI effectively to data quality improvement. Such research will help state DOTs make informed decisions and set realistic expectations about how AI can be used to enhance transportation data quality.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop a guide for state DOTs on how to use AI to enhance transportation data quality. The research will explore and demonstrate how AI can detect, correct, and prevent data errors—automating key aspects of data management. It will identify effective strategies for integrating AI into existing data management practices to enhance the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of transportation and business data systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 09:42:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558405</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impacts of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Work Zone Lighting</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558408</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lighting is essential for ensuring safety in work zones. Conventional lighting, which relies on fixed-position light towers, has notable limitations including restricted coverage, uneven illumination, limited adaptability in dynamic work environments, and operational inefficiencies. These limitations are especially pronounced in wide-area work zones where repositioning conventional light towers is difficult, often leaving sections of work zone areas inadequately lit and potentially increasing the risk of crashes. 

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), which can be tethered for power and equipped with floodlighting, offer a mobile alternative. Their ability to be repositioned quickly enables targeted, uniform illumination and helps reduce glare and shadows, improving visibility for workers and motorists. Although UAS lighting shows strong potential, its use in work zones is still emerging, and further research is needed to optimize its deployment and integration into safety protocols. 

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop a guide for state departments of transportation (DOTs) to support UAS deployment in work zone lighting applications. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 21:01:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558408</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Engineering Feasibility Study of the Future Extension of the Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnel (UTI-UTC 12)
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543321</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project conducts a comprehensive engineering feasibility study to assess potential future extensions of the Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnel (EJMT), a critical component of Colorado’s transportation network. The study integrates geological modeling, transportation planning, and structural engineering to evaluate the viability of new tunnel bores aimed at alleviating congestion and improving long-term capacity. Utilizing updated 3D geologic data and traffic projections, the research identifies and analyzes various tunnel alignment options, considering technical constraints, environmental impact, and economic factors. The project employs advanced geotechnical simulations and scenario analyses to support decision-making for design alternatives. Collaboration with the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) ensures alignment with real-world planning needs. The outcome provides a foundation for strategic infrastructure investment and future tunnel development in high-altitude mountainous regions.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 18:53:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2543321</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploratory Study On The Suitability Of Self-healing Concrete For Applications with Enhanced Mechanical And Durability Performance</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549028</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of self-healing concrete, particularly using Basilisk-inspired approaches, is an emerging area of research that has garnered significant attention in recent years. While conventional concrete is prone to cracking and degradation, self-healing concrete has the potential to autonomously repair damages, enhancing its durability and sustainability. Researchers have made notable progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms of self-healing concrete, including the use of bacteria-based healing agents microcapsule-based systems and shape-memory alloys.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 04 May 2025 15:32:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2549028</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Small UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) for Field Measurement of Hydraulic Parameters in Small Drainage Basins</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2548656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project will examine the feasibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (aka drones) to field measure water surface elevations with corresponding velocities and water depths (bathymetry) within a 10% accuracy in calculated discharge compared to conventional methods.  Conventional methods would include surveying each section and using some form of a current meter such as the USGS Type AA Current Meter to determine streamflow velocities.  Conventional methods for determining discharge require surveying and can be time consuming, costly, and unsafe during flooding events, thus is seldom undertaken for smaller drainage basins.  Any high-water marks recorded are hard to determine what the corresponding discharge was for that elevation, hence, unreliable for the calibration of hydraulic models.  Being able to efficiently and safely determine an accurate water surface elevation with the corresponding velocity and water depths across a section can help calibrate hydraulic modeling when it comes time for replacing the structure. If used during a flooding event, it could provide more useful information than a typical high-water mark or extreme high-water mark as an associated discharge can be connected to that elevation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 09:13:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2548656</guid>
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