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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Scoping Study: Vertical Visibility Constraints -- Vertical Curvature Traffic Control Devices</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2709249</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Horizontal and vertical curves can obscure key roadway features or activity that may lie ahead of unaware drivers. Roadway curvature is a significant factor in roadway departure crashes, injuries, and fatalities. As land use has developed and activities on roads have changed, the potential for conflicts has grown. It is impractical and beyond the resources of roadway authorities to improve all roadway alignments to attain optimal sight distance. This is a growing concern as active transportation increases in many rural areas, especially those experiencing increased tourism. Horizontal curvature on roadways where drivers’ views are obstructed has been thoroughly researched, leading to well-accepted strategies for traffic control devices in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). However, similar research has yet to be conducted for vertical curves.

OBJECTIVE; The objective of this research is to develop a scoping study to clearly define and refine the research needs, objectives, and expected products necessary to address vertical visibility constraints, including exploring the relevance of crash data to vertical curves and developing a research work program to explore solutions. The intent of potential larger, follow-on, NCHRP study is to obtain data from vertical-curvature-related crashes to assess the details of occurrence, frequency, and severity, and to better understand road user needs, rather than relying on approaches used in prior studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 13:49:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2709249</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New Models and Solutions to Vehicle Routing with Cardinality and Distance Constraints</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2703788</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many emerging transportation and logistics operations are constrained by both the maximum distance a vehicle can travel and the number of customers it can serve before requiring replenishment, recharging, or maintenance. These operational realities motivate the need for new routing optimization models that explicitly integrate distance and cardinality constraints. This project proposes the first comprehensive study of a novel Black-and-White Vehicle Routing Problem (BWVRP), where customer nodes and replenishment nodes are jointly routed across a fleet of vehicles, with replenishment nodes allowed to be visited multiple times. The project will develop new mixed-integer linear programming models and exact branch-and-cut methods to obtain optimal solutions for small and medium-sized instances. To address large-scale instances, efficient heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms will be designed and implemented. In addition to methodological advances, the project will develop a data-driven optimization decision-support tool integrating models, algorithms, and user-friendly interface. 
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 16 May 2026 11:45:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2703788</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Head-Mounted Virtual Reality to Measure Dynamic Driver Sight Distances and Blind Spots</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2625595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In highway and road design, accurately measuring a driver’s line of sight is critical to ensuring unobstructed views that allow drivers to detect, respond to, and safely stop their vehicles before colliding with an object or pedestrian. This safe stopping distance, referred to as Stopping Sight Distance (SSD), is a key design control variable, especially when determining appropriate vehicle speeds on roadway segments with curves, grades, or intersections.  At intersections, sight distance becomes even more vital due to frequent interactions between vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists. These interactions, occurring across multiple directions—straight, right turns, and left turns—significantly increase the potential for conflicts, esp. the conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians or bicyclists. Traditional methods for measuring sight distance are, however, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to variability based on the engineer’s experience.  A driver’s blind spots, or blind zones—areas outside their field of view—can further complicate sight distance measurement. These blind spots are influenced by factors such as the driver’s eye height and the vehicle’s design. For example, large A-pillars and oversized rear mirrors in taller vehicles can obstruct a driver’s view, particularly during turning maneuvers. Properly evaluating both sight distance and blind zones is crucial for selecting design speeds and optimizing roadway features to improve safety and functionality.  Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies offer promising solutions for addressing these challenges and improving the state-of-the-art technology for measuring and understanding drivers’ SSDs and blind spots. By combining realistic driving simulations with real-time eye and head tracking, VR/AR can enable efficient and accurate assessments of sight distance and driver blind zones more efficiently and more comprehensively than is currently done. This project seeks to explore the following research questions:  1. How does dynamic driver modeling differ from static driver modeling regarding the driver’s ability to observe the road, pedestrians, and their surrounding environment?  2. How does dynamic driver behavior affect sight distance and driver blind zones at intersections?  3. How will the choice of driving speed and path differ with and without driver blind spots and sight limitations?  Answering these questions will provide a deeper understanding of driver blind spots and sight limitations, enabling engineers to optimize roadway designs for enhanced safety and efficiency. Furthermore, these insights can assist drivers in selecting appropriate speeds and navigation paths, reducing the likelihood of conflicts with pedestrians and bicyclists. By leveraging VR/AR technologies, this research aims to streamline the evaluation process and advance roadway design practices, ultimately contributing to safer, more efficient transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 14:56:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2625595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tour Generation of Interregional Travel in the United States: Insights from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2459118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on interregional travel, a submarket of long-distance travel (LDT) with one-way distance in the range of 50–600 miles. Interregional travel warrants focal attention for two reasons. First, despite its modest share (less than 4%) in the US domestic travel market, interregional travel contributes over 20% of total vehicle miles traveled and a commensurate amount of transportation emissions. Second, interregional travel covers a distance range with the greatest potential to achieve multimodality. Better understanding interregional travel can help inform statewide and nationwide transportation planning, for instance, the ongoing Federal Rail Administration’s Regional Rail Planning. However, existing studies on interregional travel are scarce due to data limitations. This study taps into the data from National Household Travel Surveys (NHTS) and analyzes the characteristics of interregional tours, with a tour consisting of multiple connected trips. To address the issue of excessive zero observations for interregional travel in the cross-sectional NHTS dataset, the study estimates zero-inflated models and contrasts tour generation characteristics for interregional travel with those for intraregional and the long-haul component of LDT. Elasticities of interregional tour frequencies are calculated with respect to five planning or policy variables, including age, gasoline price-adjusted income, vehicle ownership, household size, and tour complexity. The study demonstrates the potential of utilizing the existing NHTS data for interregional travel analysis. The study’s findings help inform multiregional and national transportation investment decisions and policy deliberations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 23 Nov 2024 10:58:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2459118</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing a Prototype System for Measuring Intersection Sight Distances</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2437841</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this research is to develop a vehicle-boardable prototype for the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) that can measure intersection sight distances (ISDs) in real-time. With this prototype, WYDOT will be equipped to assess and reassess sight distances at both existing and new intersections, regardless of their type. The prototype aims to reduce the costs associated with ISD assessments by automating many of the tasks involved in the process. Additionally, it will contribute to reducing intersection-related crashes, particularly those caused by inadequate sight distances. By enhancing its ability to evaluate sight distances, WYDOT will also be better positioned to protect itself from liability in the event of crashes, especially severe incidents resulting from insufficient ISDs. Furthermore, the prototype will assist local jurisdictions in efficiently assessing sight distances for both existing and new intersections, improving overall road safety and infrastructure management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Oct 2024 16:01:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2437841</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Pedestrian Sight Distance for Crossing Decisions

</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2381747</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A pedestrian can safely cross a street only if one of two conditions is met: either a vehicle comes to a full stop for the pedestrian or an adequate gap in traffic occurs that allows the pedestrian to cross without conflict. To assess such gaps, a pedestrian needs adequate visibility to make the decision.

Currently, evaluating sight distance for crosswalks is typically done from the perspective of a driver’s ability to stop for a pedestrian using stopping sight distance (SSD). However, limited guidance exists on how to evaluate pedestrian decision sight distance. Pedestrian sight distance can be assessed by modifying methodologies from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ (AASHTO) A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (hereafter the AASHTO Green Book) or Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. However, criteria are not specified to determine the pedestrian crossing time in certain cases, such as Case B3 outlined in the AASHTO Green Book.

Research is needed to establish procedures and methodologies to support state departments of transportation in assessing and ensuring adequate pedestrian decision sight distance during the project development process.

The objective of this project is to develop a framework for assessing sight distance for pedestrian crossings across various roadway contexts and pedestrian types.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2024 10:06:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2381747</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing sight distance guidelines for U-turn maneuvers</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2339986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goals of this research project are to develop a structured set of guidelines and specifications for appropriate sight distances for U-turn maneuvers, tailored for Georgia roadways that can be included in the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) policy for traffic operations, design, and safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Feb 2024 14:41:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2339986</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>What Is the New Normal? An Analysis of Post-COVID-19 Commute and Work Patterns</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2087424</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study is addressing the following questions: (1a) What are the adoption rates and frequencies of working from home in Spring 2022 (representing at least the “back side” of the COVID-19 pandemic, if not yet completely post-COVID), and what are the intentions to continue to work remotely in the future? (1b) What demographic, geographic, and attitudinal characteristics are associated with adoption/non-adoption, higher or lower frequencies? (2a) What is the distribution of one-way commute lengths, and how has that distribution changed since before COVID-19? (2b) Putting one-way commute lengths together with commute frequencies, what is the distribution of total weekly commute distance traveled, and how has that distribution changed since before the pandemic? (2c) What socio-economic and other characteristics are associated with one-way commute lengths and total weekly commute distances? (3) How have the shares of commute modes changed since before the pandemic, and what characteristics are associated with those changes? To address these questions, we have designed, and are in the process of fielding, an online survey of employed Georgia residents. The study team is recruiting approximately 2000 respondents through an online opinion panel vendor (Qualtrics). Ultimately, the team will also develop models of key behavioral indicators, to enable them to control for multiple behavioral influences simultaneously.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2022 10:56:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2087424</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Guide for Marked Crosswalk Design, Spacing, Placement, and Safety</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1953235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An estimated 6,205 pedestrians were killed in traffic collisions in the United States in 2019, a 44% increase in pedestrian fatalities since 2010 representing 17% of total traffic fatalities. Over 80% of those pedestrian fatalities occurred at unmarked midblock locations. Research has found that locations where pedestrians are most likely to cross outside marked crosswalks are highly influenced by the surrounding roadway and land-use characteristics, such as transit stops, vehicular volume, distance between crosswalks, and crossing distance. Pedestrians are less likely to use a marked sidewalk when it is far out of their way. To reduce fatalities and injuries, agencies need to provide safely designed crosswalks that are properly spaced so that pedestrians can practically utilize them. While prior research has established the safety and effectiveness of countermeasures such as refuge islands, pedestrian hybrid beacons (PHBs), and rectangular rapid flashing beacons (RRFBs) and provides guidance (e.g., Safe Transportation for Every Pedestrian (STEP) guide) for selecting countermeasures at uncontrolled crossing locations, current guidance and research on marked crosswalk spacing is limited. The ongoing study NCHRP Project 03-141,  “Guidance on Midblock Pedestrian Signals (MPS)” will assess the safety effects of MPS and develop language suitable for inclusion in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), but more work is needed to understand suitable spacing of marked crosswalks with appropriate treatments. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Council on Active Transportation’s Research Roadmap (July 2021) identifies “determining context-driven optimal spacing between marked crosswalks” as one of their six highest-priority needs. This research aims to reduce pedestrian fatalities and severe injuries through a better understanding of appropriate marked crosswalk spacing.

The objective of this research is to develop a guide and a tool to inform when to add marked crosswalks at unmarked intersections and midblock crossing locations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 May 2022 18:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1953235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implication of School Format on Women in STEM</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1740572</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) (examples of each of STEM include Marie Curie, Katherine Johnson, Ellen Ochoa, and Irmgard Flugge-Lotz ( (Shetterly, 2016), (Waisman & Tietjen, 2008))) have made and continue to make important contributions to their fields.  The ability of women to contribute to their fields without feeling that they have to give up on having a family relies on the presence of a support system or village typically made up of family, friends, childcare, and schools.  The coronavirus pandemic has brought to the forefront the importance of these support systems, particularly schools, in enabling women the time and resources to contribute in STEM fields.  Many K-12 schools are currently not offering full-time, traditional in-person learning.  More often, schools are offering only at-home, online options and many women must make difficult choices between their professional futures in STEM ( (Boorstin & Taylor, 2020), (Kramer, 2020), (Gewin, 2020)) and supporting online learning, “pandemic pods”, or transitioning to homeschooling their K-12 students.  This research seeks to document the importance of school format (e.g. online, hybrid, in-person, “pandemic pod”) on women in STEM.  The results are intended to provide input regarding how policies in the future can better support these important contributions, but potentially, for more immediate solutions to be realized.  This is different than many of the other on-going research initiatives that tend to focus on work-life balance and tenure (Rincon & Nguyen, 2020).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2020 17:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1740572</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transportation Learning Network</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1724200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the geographic nature and related travel costs of the member states, and the cities and counties within these states, many technical topics and innovations would not be delivered or would be delivered to only a small percentage of the staff within these states. Transportation Learning Network (TLN) is a critical tool in assuring technology transfer to member states, counties, and cities, and that they stay abreast of the latest innovations, initiatives, and research which helps them be more efficient and cost-effective. TLN will be dedicated to excellence in service in the following areas: (1) technology transfer; (2) innovative transportation practices; (3) new processes, initiatives and technology; and (4) being the ideal one-stop source for supplemental learning within the state departments of transportation (DOTs). ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2020 15:40:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1724200</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RES2020-19: Activity-based Household Travel Survey through Smartphone Apps in Tennessee</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1716836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Activity-based household travel surveys (HTS) are one of the primary sources that provide detailed information of people’s travel activities. HTS data is foundational for many research fields including travel demand modeling, transportation mode choice analysis, and integrated transportation and land-use planning. Traditional methods for conducting HTS include physical mail, phone call, or GIS devices, which are often costly, time-consuming, labor intensive, less scalable, and difficult to achieve high quality and accuracy. With rapid advancement and market penetration of smartphone technologies, recent years have witnessed a fast-growing interest in conducting HTS through smartphone apps, which has a great potential to address many issues faced by traditional survey methods and to improve the overall quality of collected survey data. 
Echoing this research trend, the study team proposes to perform an activity-based HTS study in Tennessee through smartphone apps for both Android and iOS. This project aims to develop an effective, economical, scalable HTS solution and deliver a high-quality HTS database to TDOT. By conducting this project, the team wants to validate (or understand why if invalid) the following research hypotheses:
(1)	Smartphone apps offer an effective, economical, scalable, and secure approach to implementing long-lasting HTS. Although a few app-based HTS studies have been reported, the travel surveys conducted in those studies were arranged in one or multiple designated days; in other words, the entire timespans for all collected survey data in those studies are relatively short (in days). To our best knowledge, no app-based HTS has been implemented over months. However, long-lasting especially yearlong HTS would provide a very different dataset for travel and transportation research, which offers opportunities to find solutions and answers from a whole new perspective and a much wider horizon. In this project, the project team is going to implement a smartphone app-based HTS study that spans 9 months, during which any eligible volunteers in TN can participate by providing 7-day travel diaries through their smartphones. As a long-lasting HTS, this project brings not only research challenges in many aspects but also offers a high-reward opportunity to catalyze transportation and land-use research in TN.
(2)	App-based HTS can improve the quality and accuracy of collected survey data by leveraging sensor technologies and careful design and implementation. Previous app-based HTS studies suggest that smartphone apps improve data quality compared to traditional HTS methods. In this project, the project team seeks to quantitatively measure the quality and accuracy of collected travel data by comparing user-reported trip records with the travel information derived from smartphone sensors. This goal would not be well achieved without addressing the technical challenges in accurate location tracking and efficient power management for the app.
(3)	App-based HTS can provide fine-grained data records and rich data features to accelerate data-driven research on transportation and land-use modeling and planning at different timescales. By tracking and recording trips with fine-grained data records (e.g., data points generated at second level) and rich data features (e.g., timestamp, location, various sensor readings), a more in-depth, multi-facet understanding of people’s travel behavior can be gained and novel methods on transportation and land-use research can be developed and tested.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2020 14:38:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1716836</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental Justice Implications of Roadway Topography </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1635480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automobile emissions from highways are known to have harmful effects on the public. These harmful effects also raise concerns of environmental justice because their severity is highest near the transportation network. Established methodologies used in regional planning to identify the critical extent of emission dispersal from the highway and also to demarcate the boundaries of population group that is most at risk uses a fixed distance buffer analysis. These established methodologies also do not account for the effect of roadway topography on amount of emissions. Recent studies have shown that roadway topography can result in overestimation or underestimation of the quantity of emissions. The spatial concentration of pollutants depends to a large extent on quantity emitted. Therefore, it is possible, depending on local conditions, that a fixed distance buffer analysis could overestimate or underestimate the boundaries of the affected population. 

This proposed research will investigate the implications of roadway topography on the ubiquitous fixed distance of 200 m that is usually used in analysis. It will use Vissim simulation to generate vehicle activity data over high traffic highway corridor and use the vehicle activity data to estimate emission inventories. The estimated emissions will be used as input in an air dispersal model to investigate the spatial concentration of the pollutant from the highway in order to verify the adequacy or inadequacy of the fixed critical distance. 

The findings from this research will be beneficial to decision makers at Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) and city governments who have to consider environmental justice effects of their transportation plans. This research is significant because it will increase our understanding on whether existing methodologies are doing enough to accurately account for populations that are exposed to the detrimental effects of automobile emissions.  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jul 2019 10:48:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1635480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Update of the Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Guidance on Acceleration/Deceleration and Stopping Sight Distance Criteria</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1628617</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In September 2018, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) published the 7th edition of A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (also known as the 2018 Green Book). The 2018 Green Book provides guidance for determining geometric design criteria of roadways, including guidance on acceleration/deceleration and stopping sight distance criteria. Acceleration/deceleration is influenced by many factors (e.g., grade, vehicle type, and maneuver type). Stopping sight distance is influenced by many factors (e.g., perception reaction time, object height, and driver’s eye height). In addition, the recent changes in vehicle fleet, vehicle technology, and driver population impact the design criteria. Research is needed to identify the limitations of the 2018 Green Book guidelines for acceleration/deceleration and stopping sight distance criteria, develop improved guidelines, and recommend changes to the 2018 Green Book for consideration and adoption by AASHTO. Improved guidance could result in reduced environmental impacts, savings in construction costs, and reductions in construction time.  
 
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to update the guidelines for acceleration/deceleration and stopping sight distance criteria contained in the 2018 Green Book.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 08 Jun 2019 05:14:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1628617</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Aging Effects on Asphalt Mixed at Different Temperatures and Hauled Different Distances</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1508231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With all the options available to produce and place asphalt pavement in present day, a study into the field aging of these materials needs to be performed.  Field aging has always been one of the biggest uncertainties in asphalt pavement performance, and with the widespread use of warm mix technologies, there are more aging questions than ever.  This study is very timely, and if performed now can be conducted for less cost by leveraging the investment of a previous study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Apr 2018 13:53:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1508231</guid>
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