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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Alternative Construction Contracting Mechanisms for Transportation Projects in the US Northeast Region</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2310161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary goal of this project is to increase stakeholder education and support wider adoption of the Design Build (DB) contracting method by transportation owners in New Jersey and the Northeast region. DB has been utilized widely across the construction sector over the last 20 years, with notable benefits on schedule performance and design innovation. In the state of New Jersey, DB became available through the “Design-Build Construction Procurement Act” on April 2021.

OBJECTIVE: The intended outcome is a comprehensive report and presentation that can guide transportation agencies and bidders in New Jerseyy through the DB method, differences and challenges across states, and steps to implement and increase DB efficiency in their organizations through changes in procurement processes, stipend allocations, selection processes or request for proposal (RFP) requirements.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Nov 2025 19:19:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2310161</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Root Causes and Mitigation Measures for Bid Protest in Alternative Contracting Methods</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558394</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State departments of transportation (DOTs) and other transportation agencies use alternative contracting methods (ACMs) instead of the traditional design-bid-build method to improve project delivery for a range of transportation construction projects. ACMs include, but are not limited to, design-build (DB), progressive design-build (PDB), construction manager at risk/construction manager general contractor (CMAR/CMGC), and indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (ID/IQ). 

Well-planned procurement processes are critical for state DOTs and other transportation agencies. There are many bases for protests from unsuccessful proposers. These protests may necessitate canceling the procurement and reprocuring the project, resulting in additional costs and delays. Research is needed to identify potential situations that may give rise to procurement protests for projects using ACMs so that agencies can take appropriate measures to reduce risk and ensure that the procurement process proceeds as planned. 

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this project is to develop a guide for identifying the root causes of procurement protests in ACMs, reducing the risk of protests, and addressing these protests. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 10:18:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558394</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Optimizing the STIP Letting and Construction Schedule</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2464347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using historic project data, Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) is interested in identifying which projects should be advertised or “let” throughout the year in order to optimize schedules, aid in prioritization of work, and maximize cost-savings. With the same information, MoDOT would like to have a tool or methodology to identify the average annual workload of contractors to determine remaining capacity each year and when it might be most optimal to let projects in certain regions. For example, if MoDOT knows that certain contractors are close to being at full capacity in a specific region or district they commonly bid in, MoDOT may choose to delay (or accelerate when possible) a project to allow more schedule flexibility and ensure competition. This may involve the use of artificial intelligence or machine learning technologies.   ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Nov 2024 11:45:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2464347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the Ohio Department of Transportation's Small Business Enterprise Program
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2431740</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) is committed to fair and equal opportunities for firms of all sizes to do business with the state. The Small Business Enterprise (SBE) Program was established to ensure that small businesses receive fair opportunities to participate in ODOT contracting and consulting activities as prime contractors. It is a race/gender-neutral set-aside program that restricts competition for prime contracts on certain federally funded highway construction and design contracts (e.g., culvert replacement, geotechnical design, environmental consulting) to small businesses that have been certified through the program. SBE firms must be prequalified with ODOT to bid on SBE set-aside projects. The SBE must perform or exercise responsibility for at least 30% of the total cost of its contract with its own workforce. While it is a federal requirement to have an SBE element as part of the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) program, the design and implementation of the SBE element is completely at ODOT's discretion, however, the process must be approved by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). ODOT's current SBE program was developed in 2015. While some individuals view the program as being successful, concerns have been expressed that the pool of SBE contractors is small resulting in a lack of competitive bids on construction projects.  Research is needed to evaluate ODOT's SBE program to ensure it is effective and meets the desired outcome.

The goal of this research is to evaluate ODOT's SBE program, determine its effectiveness and make recommendations for improvements. Objectives of this research include the following: (1) determine the current state of practice for SBE programs and establish best practices; (2) provide a baseline assessment of ODOT's SBE program's performance from its inception in 2015 to present day; and (3) provide recommendations for enhancements in the design and implementation of ODOT's SBE program which includes both certification requirements and the implementation of the program. This research will provide critical insights into how other recipients of transportation federal funding are structuring and managing their SBE programs and how ODOT's program can become more effective and efficient at facilitating competition by fostering productive relationships with SBEs. Findings from this research will identify potential improvements in the program that will not only help ODOT ensure compliance but may also serve to make the SBE program more robust and competitive while maintaining ODOT's ability to carry out design and construction programs in a cost effective manner.
                      ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Sep 2024 15:44:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2431740</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NCHRP Implementation Support Program. Agency Implementation of the Design-Build and Contract Manager/General Contractor Guidebooks for Post-Award Contract Administration</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2422568</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this research was to assist the state DOTs in implementing best practices for post-award contract administration of Design-Build and Contract Manager/General Contractor projects identified in the guidebooks developed in NCHRP Project 08-104: Guidebooks for Post-Award Contract Administration for Highway Projects Delivered Using Alternative Contracting Methods.







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]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Aug 2024 16:09:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2422568</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Pay Adjustment Systems to Incentivize Quality Highway Construction



</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2381729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the nation’s highway system is updated to meet future needs, state departments of transportation (DOTs) are managing the construction of increasingly complex transportation projects. As the size and complexity of these projects have increased, so has the need for identifying and addressing the impacts of project construction on communities, including disruptions to mobility, accessibility, community institutions, and quality of life.

Many community impacts and their associated mitigation measures are defined in project planning and design. However, the extent of the impact on a community is often not realized until the project is under construction. For example, business access or deliveries may be unexpectedly cut off, access to principal community destinations like parks or religious institutions may be affected, and noise or light pollution from the construction zone may disturb community residents. Often the impacts may not arise until well after construction is complete. For example, some communities experience changes to land use or housing and business rental affordability that can have lasting effects on the culture and composition of a community. 

State DOTs often implement community impact strategies to mitigate the impacts of construction and build community support for the project. Examples of mitigation include providing construction-related career development; local and small business participation in construction; providing access to local businesses and other community destinations such as places of worship, hospitals, and parks in construction zones; and incorporating community-focused project features. Developing and implementing strategies for providing community benefits during construction require skills and expertise that are not typical of the construction workforce. Research is needed to support state DOTs in managing construction-related community impacts. 

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop a guide on avoiding and mitigating community impacts from transportation project construction applicable to a variety of project contexts, sizes, and types.  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2024 20:19:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2381729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Guide for Using Alternative Contracting Methods for Small Highway Projects</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2286621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alternative contracting methods (ACM) are alternatives to the design-bid-build contracting method for transportation infrastructure. ACM use combinations of price and non-price parameters such as qualifications, experience, schedule, and approach to select infrastructure project teams. Examples include design-build (DB), construction manager/general contractor (CM/GC), and public-private partnerships (P3). ACM use has been shown to optimize the delivery of projects in terms of time, cost, and realization of public objectives. While ACM use is increasing, ACM account for a small portion of overall project delivery among state departments of transportation (DOTs). Also, most of the completed ACM projects have been large in size and complexity, with costs typically exceeding $20 million. For smaller projects, ACM use on highway-related projects such as roads, bridges, and intelligent transportation systems, has been less documented. In some states, limited ACM use stems from more frequent use of ACM for large projects and concerns that ACM may hinder participation by smaller, local companies. To expand the use of ACM for smaller projects, a better understanding of the following is needed: small project characterization; factors affecting the scope and duration of the procurement process; appropriate allocation of risks based on project size; factors affecting cost effectiveness for owners and contractors; and benefits and challenges to owners. Research to date, including National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) research, has focused on projects of all sizes, not specifically on small projects that face their own unique challenges, such as (1) lack of ACM experience among local design and construction companies; (2) duration and cost associated with the ACM procurement process; and (3) attracting private financing for small projects that enables the private entity to achieve an adequate return on investment. Research is needed to address the unique challenges associated with using ACM on smaller projects. The objective of this research is to develop a guide for state DOTs and local agencies on evaluating the potential use and benefits of ACM for small projects and effectively implementing ACM for small projects. 
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Nov 2023 16:51:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2286621</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Develop an Interactive Statewide Production Rate Estimation Tool for Reliable Contract Time Determination</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2255820</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding and estimating realistic production rates of major work items in a highway project are critical to determining a reasonable project contract time, evaluating the contractor’s baseline schedule, monitoring progress schedules, and ultimately completing the project on time. The research team will leverage Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT’s) historical project data to obtain the as-built information of production rates of various work items, and will develop a) an expanded version of TxDOT’s construction production rates table, b) an interactive tool that can generate color-coded heat maps to visualize feasible ranges of production rates of major work items across Texas, and c) implementation guidance and recommendations. An advanced and interactive production rate estimation tool could significantly help TxDOT achieve the goal of completing highway projects on time. The research team’s decision-aid tool could significantly improve TxDOT’s practice in determining more accurate production rates, resulting in more accurate contract time determination, the contractor’s baseline schedule evaluation, and progress schedule monitoring. The research team will aid in providing higher certainty and reliability of data-driven and practical production rates to expand TxDOT’s current construction production rates table.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 2023 14:01:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2255820</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Guide for Implementing Price Adjustment Clauses to Balance Risk Sharing in Construction Projects



</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2222559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Prices of highway construction materials have fluctuated considerably since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. This trend, previously observed with petroleum-intensive materials such as asphalt concrete, has extended to other materials such as steel and Portland cement. Consequently, construction contractors have elevated their project bids as a risk-mitigation strategy. These elevated costs hamper the ability of state departments of transportation (DOTs) to deliver on their programmatic objectives in a timely and cost-conscious manner.

One strategy to mitigate this uncertainty is the use of price adjustment clauses in highway construction contracting. Contractual thresholds triggered by rising or falling material prices lead to adjustments in contractor payments. When administered properly, price adjustment clauses can lead to more equitable highway construction contracting practices.

Price adjustment clauses are not applied consistently by state DOTs. Research is needed to determine the state of the practice of price adjustment clause administration, assess the availability of pertinent tools and resources, develop strategies to effectively administer price adjustment contracting practices, and suggest enhancements and refinements to current practices.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop a guide to help state DOTs craft or update material price adjustment clauses for highway construction contracting. At a minimum, the guide should identify appropriate resources and material price indices, offer effective practices for managing contractual risk stemming from price fluctuation throughout the project lifecycle, identify opportunities for further refinement of the practice, and be accompanied by decision support tools and resources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jul 2023 16:40:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2222559</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Practices. Topic 55-09. Open-books Pricing Practices for Construction Manager/General Contractor and Progressive Design-Build Projects</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190461</link>
      <description><![CDATA[

The objective of this synthesis was to document state DOTs policies and procedures for developing open-books pricing practices for CMGC and PDB. Research is complete. The final report is published as Synthesis Report 653 and is available here: https://doi.org/10.17226/29084. 

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jun 2023 19:20:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190461</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title> A Playbook for CM at Risk Adoption in Transportation Projects </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2046789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research aims to identify the procurement, contracting, and execution best practices for CM/GC implementation for DOT projects, and develop a set of educational resources for training the team on the nuances of CM/GC relative to cultural, organizational, communicational, and contractual aspects.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2022 13:59:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2046789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Guide on Progressive Design-Build for Transportation Projects</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most commonly used methodology for design-build (DB) contractor selection involves a best value process, with significant weight accorded to price, resulting in a fixed-price contract for design development and construction. Progressive design-build (PDB) is a recent variation that allows early contractor involvement with elements similar to a construction manager/general contractor (CM/GC) approach. Similar to the process used for CM/GC, pricing negotiation occurs for final design and construction in the preliminary design phase. But unlike CM/GC, PDB continues to transfer design liability and construction responsibilities to a DB team starting with the preliminary planning and design phase through to construction completion. 

PDB contracts include procedures for development of the design, schedule/phasing plan, and a price for final design and construction typically in the form of a guaranteed maximum price (GMP), targeted maximum price (TMP), or agreed lump sum. The development of the price is a key component of PDB as it allows owners to hire a progressive designer-builder without a total price commitment for final design and construction until reasonable design details are defined. 

Currently, state departments of transportation (DOTs) are utilizing variations in terminology, differing approaches in early progressive design-build team (PDBT)/state interactions, and varying contracting mechanisms due to the limited guidance available to implement PDB on their highway projects. To help state DOTs understand the benefits offered by PDB for transportation projects, research is needed to explore how PDB can be effectively implemented on highway projects.

The objective of this research is to develop a guide for state DOTs to effectively and efficiently use PDB delivery for transportation projects that includes assistance with project planning and selection, project implementation, procurement, pricing procedures, and contract administration.   ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2022 19:27:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957099</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effective Timelines and Contractual Strategies for Accelerated Bridge Construction Projects</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State departments of transportation (DOTs) strive to minimize the impact of construction activities on the traveling public and commerce. Contractual provisions and methods such as incentives/disincentives (I/D), payment for acceleration, bonuses, liquidated damages (LD), and cost-plus time (A+B) procurement have been used for conventional construction projects to promote meeting project schedule targets. In addition, accelerated bridge construction (ABC) methods can greatly compress the closure time required during bridge construction. Generally, ABC minimizes the overall construction window or minimizes the out-of-service time of the facility. Shorter onsite construction schedules reduce mobility impacts and improve safety; however, there is potential for risks related to accelerated schedule. Generally, ABC techniques alleviate significant user costs; however, these technologies may have significant project costs that are difficult to accommodate within limited owner construction budgets. For example, the use of self-propelled modular transports (SPMT) could significantly increase the construction cost of a project.

Research is needed to help DOTs identify practical goals for project schedules, effectively use contractual strategies, and better understand schedule risks associated with ABC projects.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this project is to provide contractual guidance for ABC project development considering the design-bid-build project delivery method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2022 19:13:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957101</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pragmatic Precast/Prestressed Girder Acceptance Criteria</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1934468</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of this research are to collect and quantify the types and occurrences of girder nonconformance in Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT). To thoroughly review and synthesize quality requirements; to utilize computational models to determine tiered acceptance thresholds; to assess which nonconformance issues are associated with service life reduction, making contracting recommendations for appropriate contracting structures (e.g., penalties) for nonconforming elements; and to summarize research findings in a pragmatic form by providing recommendations for a tiered acceptance system via a draft GDOT quality manual for precast/prestressed girders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2022 08:49:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1934468</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices. Topic SG-20. Performance Metrics in Third Party Contracts for Bus Operations and Maintenance</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1854187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The synthesis will document current practices and metrics used to contract out bus operations and maintenance in North America. It will look at all situations where O&M  services are contracted out (i.e. the entire network is contracted out or divisions or sections of the network are contracted out). The synthesis will document the reasons for outsourcing and the metrics used by agencies for evaluating whether to self-operate or contract out bus operations and maintenance in North America.  In addition, the synthesis will ascertain how agencies are holding their third party providers accountable against contractual terms as well as methodologies that agencies use to monitor and oversee contractors. 
 ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 May 2021 22:52:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1854187</guid>
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