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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Bridge Column Seismic Performance Tools to Support Asset Management
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696154</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bridge engineers manage large inventories of bridges, with many bridges located in regions of high seismicity. The preponderance of these bridges are supported on reinforced concrete columns, so the post-earthquake functionality of the traffic network strongly depends on the performance of reinforced concrete columns subjected to axial and cyclic lateral loading. To support the development of accurate and computationally efficient seismic performance models for individual columns, the proposed research will develop tools to enable easy and rapid access to experimental data sets characterizing the response and performance of reinforced concrete columns subjected to cyclic loading in the laboratory. Research will be accomplished by expanding, modernizing, and improving the capabilities of an existing structural performance database hosted by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. The data repository and the tools that facilitate selection and compilation of individual bridge column data sets stored in this repository will be shared with the public and state departments of transportation to ensure broad impact.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 19:45:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696154</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Hollow-Core UHPC-Steel Columns with UHPC Socketed Connection
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696153</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Limited techniques are available to accelerate construction of bridge substructures. Previous research was conducted by the research team on innovative hollow-core FRP-concrete-steel (HC-FCS) bridge columns consisting of an ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) or self-consolidating concrete (SCC) core sandwiched between an outer fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube and an inner steel tube. The results of these previous projects indicated the proposed column design had significant potential, but lingering questions remained about the possibility of eliminating the FRP outer shell and relying on UHPC to provide required confinement of the steel tube and durability of the overall column. The proposed project will build on the results of the previously funded projects on HC-FCS columns sponsored by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) and ABC-UTC to extend to UHPC-steel (HC-US) columns and to examine unanswered questions relative to column composition, UHPC thickness, and column-footing connection. The project will consist of experimental testing of four approximately half-scale column and footing specimens with variation in steel wall thickness and column to footing connection type. Results from the proposed research will provide an improved basis for comparison with completed finite element modeling and for subsequent design guidelines, thereby increasing the likelihood of implementation. The final report will include a section with guidance for design and construction of the proposed HC-US columns. These guidelines will include equations to determine steel thickness, UHPC thickness, footing and girder embedment depths, and nominal flexural and shear strengths of HC-US columns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 19:42:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696153</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic Behavior of Repairable and Constructible Precast Bridge Columns
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696149</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Columns are usually the weak links in conventional bridges for seismic design. In current seismic codes, bridge collapse is prevented under rare earthquakes by providing large ductility, but damage of ductile elements including columns is allowed. Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are widely used in seismic regions of the US due to their controlled ductility through confinement and enhanced durability. Damage of RC columns under moderate earthquakes includes cracking, reinforcement yielding, and major spalling. Nevertheless, significant damage is expected under strong earthquakes, which may result in the bridge closure for repair or total replacement. Even though current practice is successful in attaining the no-collapse objective, a new design paradigm is emerging to minimize bridge column damage incorporating low- to no-damage materials and techniques. The benefit can be enhanced if the low-damage details are combined with precast techniques to further promote accelerated bridge construction (ABC). This proposal explores the seismic behavior of a new class of precast bridge columns that are repairable through component replacement. The project goals are achieved by developing new repairable and constructible precast column detailing, performing pre- and post-test analytical studies, large-scale shake-table testing of a top column model, and proposing design and construction recommendations for such columns. Outcomes include dynamic experimental data, design and construction recommendations, and dissemination through technical reports and journal publications. Repairable precast columns may further facilitate the implementation of ABC in high seismic regions of the nation due to their improved performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 19:35:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2696149</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Develop Guidance on Drilled Shaft Response to Collision Force</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2606400</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 2024 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 10th Edition, specify a 600-kip equivalent static force (ESF) for vehicle collisions with unprotected bridge columns. Current provisions assume this force transfers directly from the column to the foundation, often a drilled shaft, leading to potentially inadequately sized foundations. Field investigations show that drilled shafts rarely sustain impact damage; instead, failures typically occur at the column-to-drilled-shaft connections or the column. Additionally, the response of soil, concrete, and steel under high strain rates differs from static conditions, increasing material strength and stiffness. Nevertheless, current design provisions provide limited guidance on these dynamic effects, leading to uncertainty in impact load distribution and resistance. This study aims to enhance collision load modeling accuracy, ensuring that drilled shaft-supported bridge substructures are designed more efficiently while maintaining structural resilience. The outcomes will support Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and 
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specification updates, optimizing foundation design and mitigating the risk of premature failures at critical connections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Oct 2025 09:47:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2606400</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AI Tools for Rapid Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment for Bridges</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2512626</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main goal of this study is to develop tools (artificial intelligence (AI) and analytical) that perform post-earthquake PDA and DDA on both standard and substandard columns that are in-service in Alaska. To achieve this goal, the following will be carried out (1) review of the BrM database and other resources such as drawings and inspection reports to extract the common column detailing specific to Alaska and to categorize them into standard and substandard columns, (2) a comprehensive literature review on the performance of such columns, (3) development of a comprehensive experimental database for substandard columns, (4) performing large-scale testing to establish damage pattern for substandard columns common in Alaska, and (5) development of AI and other analytical tools that can perform PDA and DDA on Alaska’s standard and substandard columns. Cloud-based tools or mobile applications equip with PDA and DDA tools can significantly expediate post-earthquake assessment of bridges by deploying local DOT personnel that are not necessarily bridge engineers/inspectors. These tools provide quick and safe evaluation to decide to open, partially open to first responders, or close the bridge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2025 22:11:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2512626</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Material and Design Analysis of Bridge Mounted Light Poles for Hurricane Readiness</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2425081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research will analyze the hurricane type events that have occurred in Florida and how the stress of those hurricanes applies to the current Florida Department of Transportation
(FDOT) design standards for aluminum light poles, and then investigate and test [1] design and [2] material variations that could sustain hurricane force wind design loads. The goal is to better understand the behavior leading to failure under hurricane events and produce a modified design approach to complement the current wind design load, and if needed, present a new standard plan and/or change to the material selection for light poles. This research could generate a wide range of implementable outcomes including a recommended change to material selection, adoption of a fatigue test to accurately screen for hurricane events, advancement in the vibration damper design, and/or the production of a new standard design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Sep 2024 09:02:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2425081</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Upgrading and Protecting Steel Columns using UHPC </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2404257</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The proposed research project aims to investigate the application of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) for the retrofitting and upgrading of steel columns. Steel columns, while providing high tensile strength and ductility, are prone to deterioration from corrosion, fatigue, and buckling under extreme loading conditions. This vulnerability necessitates innovative solutions to enhance their performance and durability. Further, wrapping steel columns with UHPC will significantly reduce noise pollution. As an example, the “L” metro system in Chicago consists of many steel columns that contain corrosion and very noisy during the passage of trains. Wrapping these steel columns with UHPC will help addressing corrosion issue and significantly reducing the noise pollution problem. Experimental studies and analytical modeling, including finite element analysis, will be conducted to investigate the behavior of UHPC-encased steel columns under seismic loads. The research is expected to result in design guidelines for the application of UHPC in upgrading steel columns, considering a variety of shapes, sizes, and loading scenarios. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Jul 2024 14:46:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2404257</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prefabricated Bridge Columns with Self-Centering Capability Using Shape
Memory Alloy (SMA) And Ultra-High Performance Concrete
(UHPC) In Plastic Regions</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2404251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research proposal introduces a new column-bent cap connection, with innovative materials such as Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC), Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) and Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) to promote the self-centering behavior and post earthquake functionality of bridges subjected to earthquake ground motions. Circular columns will be considered in this study. The significance of this research is to propose a simple yet practical and effective use of innovative materials such as UHPC, SMA and ECC as substructure connection for bridges in medium and high seismic regions. Several factors are simplified in the construction of the column due to novel properties of UHPC and SMA to minimize the splice length between column longitudinal reinforcement. This phase of study will focus on comprehending on fundamental behavior of the proposed system and identify, possible future steps that are needed for implementation of the idea in the field. Research builds on previous work conducted at FIU (Azizinamini, et al) in the form of moving the plastic hinge outside of capacity protected areas in seismic design process, through use of UHPC. The research will involve experimental studies, in the form of 2/3 scaled column specimens subjected to constant axial load and cyclic lateral loads, small scale component tests to comprehend the behavior of SMA and durability aspects of the proposed system. The research is expected to develop a roadmap to implement the proposed idea in the field as well as tentative seismic design methodology that can be applied to bridge column-cap beam connections, column-footing connections, and plastic hinge zones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Jul 2024 14:44:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2404251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-damage bridge columns for post earthquake serviceability</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2232154</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bridge columns are typically designed to behave in a ductile manner during large earthquakes, sustaining significant damage without collapse. This is not a resilient approach, as post-earthquake repair may be substantial and lead to bridge closure. The seismic performance of many of these bridges is essential to post-earthquake mobility, as bridges are relied upon as critical lifelines into urban centers after natural disasters. Bridge closure can impede emergency response, and significant financial losses may be associated with downtime of the bridge. State DOTs in Washington and Oregon recently have begun to require bridges along key emergency response lifelines to be designed to remain in-service following a Magnitude-9.0 Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) earthquake. There is a need for cost-efficient, low-damage bridge columns to meet this objective. One approach, used recently by WSDOT on the SR-99 bridge, is shape memory alloy (SMA) as longitudinal column reinforcement in combination with engineered cementitious composite (ECC) in place of conventional concrete. The SMA provides post-earthquake re-centering of the column, while the ECC mitigates crushing at locations that would typically have conventional concrete. Although SMA is a more expensive material than conventional reinforcement, the SMA is only used at plastic hinge locations. While the same is true for ECC, the ECC requires a separate installation relative to casting of conventional concrete, reflecting a more significant disruption to the typical construction process. For the proposed research, SMA will be used with conventional concrete rather than ECC, with steel jackets used in the plastic hinge region to confine the concrete to prevent crushing. The steel jackets may take the place of traditional sonotube formwork at these locations, providing minimal disruption to the typical construction process. Although the approach is applicable in all seismic locations, the proposed research will focus on the response of bridge columns to CSZ earthquake demands, which produce long duration shaking. Previous research on SMA in columns has not focused specifically on long-duration earthquakes, which have more potential to induce damage based on fatigue. In the proposed research, an experimental study will be conducted, and test results will be used to characterize column response, including determination of parameters needed for column modeling. Design guidelines will be formulated to provide needed guidance to DOTs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 21:02:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2232154</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Time-dependent Durability of Composite-Repaired Bridge Columns</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2232156</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This proposal presents a comprehensive research program concerning the durability of field-assembled columns with accelerated bridge construction (ABC), including post-tensioned columns, when subjected to synergistic distress resulting from corrosion and seismic loadings. Although ABC is an emerging trend in the United States due to a number of advantages (e.g., minimal disruption to traffic and quality control), there is a lack of knowledge on the performance of corroded ABC columns and connection elements in earthquake-prone zones. Accordingly, no design provisions are available in published specifications. To address such a practical need, technical investigations are conducted through large-scale laboratory testing in conjunction with advanced analytical modeling. Of interest are the mechanisms of corrosion initiation and progression in ABC columns with and without posttensioning, hysteretic responses, ductility, structural vulnerability, failure probability, and the formation of plastic hinges. Upon elucidating the behavior of the columns, cost-effective retrofit strategies are established using non-corrosive carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites to extend the longevity of the deteriorated ABC systems. All findings will be integrated to develop implementation guidelines. Significant synergies are expected through the collaboration of the University of Utah and the University of Colorado Denver in terms of a scientific understanding of the subject area, educational activities, and technology transfer. Three engineers from the state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) participate in the research program to help generate practical outcomes, including two industry partners, which immediately benefit the infrastructure community. Conforming to the TriDurLE thrust areas, the project brings to light the state of the art of ABC technologies and provides opportunities to students from underrepresented groups.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 20:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2232156</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Large-scale Implementation of Semi-proprietary UHPC with Virgin and Recycled Fibers for Full Precast Bridge Columns</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is currently expanding worldwide from bridge deck joints and overlays or small architectural applications to full components and larger applications. In the US, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is developing mega bridge girders up to 300-ft spans (El[1]Helou et al. 2022) while also developing the first AASHTO design guidelines for UHPC bridge applications. Another large initiative funded by PCI developed non-proprietary UHPC mixes for precast/prestressed girders (Tadros et al. 2022). Such efforts will help expand the UHPC market and encourage researchers to look at other applications such as full UHPC columns and their applications for precast construction especially in seismic areas. To contribute towards filling the general knowledge gap on columns, the team at UNR has completed several projects over past 5 years (e.g. Aboukifa and Moustafa 2022; Aboukifa et al. 2020, and Subedi et al. 2019) that focused mostly on fundamental axial behavior of UHPC columns and accelerated bridge construction (ABC) connections. However, more work is still needed to scale-up columns construction and investigate structural and seismic behavior of full precast UHPC bridge columns and different ABC column-to-footing connections. Seismic columns are of particular interest since UHPC has been previously considered for retrofit applications and previous studies (e.g. Aboukifa et al. 2020) demonstrated UHPC seismic columns as viable candidates for future resilient and state-classified important bridges.

Meanwhile, with the increased interest in larger and full structural UHPC applications, economy and sustainability become of paramount significance. As such, the research team just started working with a major UHPC vendor (Cor-Tuf) to develop semi-proprietary UHPC mixtures with local sand and cement along with recycled steel fibers from landfill tires, which is a major initiative that the team will leverage in this project. If demonstrated and implemented successfully, recycled steel fibers could be the next big leap in the UHPC world. This is because not only a pound of recycled fibers is about 25 cents versus ~2.5 dollars for virgin or manufactured fibers, but also expanding tires recycling and clean landfill operations is of a great environmental benefit. It is noted that the steel industry is among the largest contributors of CO2, making up 8% of the total carbon emissions according to the DOE (2023). Federal agencies like the DOE have created roadmaps to achieve decarbonization by improving material composition and increasing material lifespan (DOE 2023). Thus, one way to contribute to the easement of the carbon footprint associated with UHPC steel fibers is the use of recycled steel wires/fibers from landfill tires. It is noted that while old and worn tires from cars and trucks contribute to increasing waste in landfills, tire recycling can help with clean landfill operations and prevent incinerations that can release toxic pollutants and carbon into the atmosphere. In used tires, 12-21% of the overall tire composition is steel fibers (US Tires 2023). Technology such as pyrolysis and shredding allows used tires to be decomposed, separating the steel fibers (Williams 2013). The steel fibers generated from this process can be recycled and efficiently used as an alternative to manufactured fibers in UHPC to significantly reduce material costs and decrease carbon emissions towards a more sustainable and net zero carbon UHPC.

In late 2022, the team started performing several UHPC trials with different types of recycled fibers from landfill tires and then tested a pair of large-scale axial columns to compare the behavior of UHPC with high-end manufactured fibers versus the recycled ones. Figure 1 shows a sample of the different fibers along with pictures and preliminary results from previous UHPC buildings columns tests at UC Berkeley, which the team completed using couple ACI-funded projects. The material tests showed that only tensile behavior of UHPC with recycled fibers might not be at exact same level as virgin manufactured fibers. Nevertheless, at the structural level, since axial columns are less dependent on tensile behavior, the UHPC column with recycled fibers almost outperformed the column with manufactured fibers which is very promising and in turn, motivates this project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jul 2023 00:08:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221109</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Upgrading Capacity and Protecting Concrete Columns Against Corrosion</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corrosion is a critical phenomenon that occurs to metallic. In reinforced concrete structures corrosion occurs due to chloride (namely, chloride-induced corrosion) or carbonation (namely, carbonation-induced corrosion). Carbonation of concrete [4] occurs due to chemical reaction between Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in cement matrix and carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmosphere that chemical reaction results in formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which fills the pores. In addition, pore water pH drops to below 9.0 leading to disturbance to the passive layers which lead to initiation of corrosion if sufficient oxygen and water are present around the reinforcement. Due to corrosion, the interface between concrete and reinforcement experiences growth of expandable corrosion products that cracking of concrete that may hamper the serviceability of structures.  In the United States, the annual direct cost of corrosion in highway bridges alone is roughly $8.3 billion, including maintenance, repair, replacement, and the cost of capital.

This project aims to upgrade the capacity of existing concrete bridges and protect concrete bridge columns against both chloride-induced corrosion and carbonation-induced corrosion. The proposed technique utilizes a full wrapping of bridge columns (circular and square) with full encasement of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) which includes longitudinal reinforcements. In addition to upgrading capacity and protection against corrosion, the proposed technique will enhance the column resistance against impact loading (e.g. vehicle collision).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Jul 2023 21:15:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221103</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative Multi-Hazard-Resistant Bridge Columns for ABC</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221097</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and state departments of transportation (DOTs) are actively promoting accelerated bridge construction (ABC) to minimize construction costs and time and to also enhance work-zone safety. While several techniques are available to accelerate bridge superstructure construction, limited techniques are available to accelerate bridge substructure construction.

Hollow-core FRP-concrete-steel (HC-FCS) columns – a concrete core sandwiched between an outer FRP tube and an inner steel tube – provide a potential solution for accelerating bridge substructure construction and offer the following advantages over traditional construction materials and systems: Enhanced ductility and energy absorption; Improved axial and flexural strength; Enhanced durability and corrosion resistance; Simplified construction techniques; Decreased overall column weight; Reduced material and labor costs; and Longer life.
Because of their significantly enhanced ductility compared to existing bridge columns, HC-FCS columns also provide a column system better able to resist multiple hazards such as earthquakes, vehicular impact, blast, overload, excessive thermal stresses, progressive collapse, and fire.

Previous research combined with the results of this proposed study and a companion Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) study will provide the necessary performance data and recommendations to move HC‑FCS columns into practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Jul 2023 21:02:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221097</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shake Table Testing of Precast UHPC Bridge Column with ABC Seismic Connection</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221096</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is a well-known fact that ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is one of the most commonly used or desired solutions for accelerated bridge construction (ABC) connections nowadays. With more vendors entering the US market and large initiatives for developing non-proprietary UHPC mixes (e.g. Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center (ABC-UTC) or PCI initiatives), the applications and use of UHPC for ABC will only continue to grow and increase. Some of the emerging applications include full structural members such as bridge girders and full columns. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is working on mega-girders that would incorporate UHPC and large prestressing strands to reach spans up to 300 ft. Meanwhile, at University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), several projects have focused on full UHPC columns but mostly under axial loading and only few explored seismic columns. Seismic UHPC columns could provide practical solutions for important bridges in high seismic zones where low-damage designs are desired. ABC seismic connections have been also emerged but yet to be coupled with full UHPC columns. Thus, this project will fill a knowledge gap and investigate the dynamic behavior of full UHPC columns with ABC seismic connections. One or two large-scale columns will be tested at one of the shake tables at UNR under earthquake excitations. The test specimen(s) will consider a full precast UHPC column connected to a conventional reinforced concrete footing using a seismic ABC connections. Two types of connections will be explored to select the most promising one and use for the UHPC column specimens. These are the socket connection and UHPC-filled grouted ducts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Jul 2023 20:58:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2221096</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shake Table Tests of Unique High-Strength Reinforced Piers</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190085</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research will evaluate the dynamic performance of reduced scale Grade 80 reinforced concrete columns, compare performance to that observed during reversed cyclic loading,
and develop recommendations for design. Deliverables and tasks in this project include: a literature review, quarterly reports, interim and final reports, and technical advisory meetings as needed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Jun 2023 19:41:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190085</guid>
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