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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Towards GNSS-less Navigation: Exploiting Terrestrial and LEO Satellite Signals of Opportunity</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2321512</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Today’s vehicular navigation systems extract position information from a suite of diverse and complementary onboard sensors. For example, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver provides stable absolute position information and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and other dead reckoning sensors (e.g., wheel encoders) provide short-term accurate information. After prolonged periods of GNSS signal unavailability, the position solution degrades to unsafe levels as error-corrupted dead reckoning information is integrated without correction from an absolute position information source. Vehicle-mounted sensors (e.g., cameras or lidar) can reduce IMU drift during GNSS unavailability by tracking features in the environment (e.g., walls, light poles, trees, etc.) and then inferring the vehicle’s relative motion with respect to the features via a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) framework. However, after extended periods of time without GNSS aiding corrections, the vehicles’ position estimate will still drift due to the accumulation of sensor errors (e.g., camera scale factor and lidar range errors due to dust and water particles). Over the past decade, signals of opportunity (SOPs); such as AM/FM radio, cellular, digital television, and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite signals; have been studied and demonstrated as an effective backup or alternative source of absolute positioning information, providing corrections to an inertial navigation system (INS) in the absence of GNSS signals. SOPs possess several desirable characteristics for vehicular navigation: (1) available in most environments of interest; (2) difficult to jam all SOPs, since their signals are scattered throughout the spectrum; (3) produce low geometric dilution of precision, since their transmitters are geometrically diverse; (4) signal reception with carrier-to-noise ratio that is often tens of decibels (dBs) higher than that of GNSS signals; (5) free to use with SOP navigation receivers that do not require network subscriptions; and (6) no deployment cost, since their infrastructure is already operational and maintained by service providers. This project will study the achievable performance of GNSS-less navigation with SOPs, with a focus on cellular 5G and LEO. The study will compare the performance as a function of: (1) number of utilized transmitters (terrestrial 5G alone, LEO alone, and a fusion of both); (2) differential versus non-differential frameworks; (3) fusion with other onboard sensors; and (4) sensitivity to model mismatch.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jan 2024 16:07:04 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Exploring Cellular-Based Private Wireless Networks for the U.S. Aviation Industry



</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2007988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An airport is both an organization and a facility with a complex network of stakeholders and systems (airlines, federal and state agencies, ground handlers, police, fire, etc.), all focused on the safe, secure, and efficient movement of aircraft, cargo, passengers, and other assets. Airports typically have a large campus and a complex set of connectivity requirements serving a variety of operational and customer service needs. These complex systems, across thousands of acres and millions of square feet of interior and exterior space, must communicate in a robust, high-bandwidth, low-latency, secure fashion. Cellular-based private wireless networks (PWNs) have the potential to improve and expand connectivity across these complex systems and large areas.  

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS), which is the 3.55–3.7 GHz band, for these types of complex environments. The OnGo Alliance, a coalition of companies, has been addressing certification standards and encouraging the adoption of technology that would provide connectivity in this spectrum band, especially as the industry advances into newer standards of wireless access technology.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop a guide that identifies and discusses opportunities and challenges for the deployment of cellular-based PWNs at U.S. airports over CBRS spectrum. This should include a 4–5 minute explainer video that clearly and succinctly describes a cellular-based PWN and discusses its application in the airport environment. The research should address risk, resiliency, security implications, and ramifications for current and future applicable regulations. In addition, the research should identify and address the stakeholders that may participate in, benefit from, and/or be affected by the implementation of this technology.  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Aug 2022 17:13:52 GMT</pubDate>
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