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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Calibration and Implementation of Highway Safety Manual Bicyclist and Pedestrian Intersection Crash Prediction Models</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2635921</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The forthcoming 2nd Edition of the AASHTO Highway Safety Manual (HSM2) will introduce dedicated crash prediction models (CPMs) for pedestrian and bicyclist crashes at intersections, midblock crossings, and roadway segments.  The goal of this research is to calibrate the HSM2 pedestrian and bicyclist intersection CPMs using Virginia-specific data. The research outcomes will enhance the accuracy of nonmotorized crash predictions and support Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT’s) broader goals of data-driven planning, design decision-making, and funding prioritization for safety improvements. To achieve this goal, the research will (1) assemble a comprehensive dataset for selected representative intersections in Virginia, including crash history, exposure data, and roadway and roadside design features required by the HSM2 CPMs, (2) develop appropriate methods for estimating pedestrian and bicyclist exposure at intersections, considering available data sources, (3) develop a robust calibration methodology that accounts for the variability of contextual settings, exposure ranges, facility types and jurisdictions, etc., and (4) design a practical tool and accompanying guidance to help VDOT implement and maintain the calibrated pedestrian and bicyclist CPMs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2025 08:52:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2635921</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Automated Speed Enforcement on Crashes Involving Pedestrians and Bicyclists






</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2570609</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Speed is a crucial factor in the probability of crashes occurring and crash severity. Automated speed enforcement (ASE) has been shown to reduce speeding and speed-related motor vehicle crashes. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has identified automated enforcement as a speed management countermeasure in their Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide for State Highway Safety Offices (SHSOs). The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) also lists speed cameras as part of their collection of proven safety countermeasures. ASE is a valuable tool that can help SHSOs and local agencies reduce speeding, speed-related crashes, and crash severity.

Many states and local jurisdictions are considering the use of speed cameras to reduce the frequency and severity of vulnerable road user crashes. However, the effects of ASE on crashes involving pedestrians and bicyclists is a gap in the research literature. Research is needed to quantify safety impacts and inform implementation strategies, and develop a better understanding of the influence of roadway context.

The objective of this research is to develop a guide for SHSOs and other stakeholders that:
(1) Quantifies the effects of ASE on crashes involving pedestrians, bicyclists, and other nonmotorized users; (2) Examines how roadway context and related factors influence the safety impacts of ASE; and (3) Identifies key considerations for planning and implementing ASE programs to improve safety for vulnerable road users.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2025 14:37:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2570609</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Impacts of Turn Lanes on Speed and Crashes Involving Vulnerable Road Users in Urban Areas


</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Turn lanes, one of the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA’s) proven safety countermeasures for motor vehicles, are recommended to reduce the risk of collisions involving vehicles turning left across opposing through traffic and rear-end collisions. However, a preliminary analysis of 2017–2024 crash data from Washington State indicated that pedestrian-involved fatal and serious injury crashes occurred more frequently at intersections with left turn lanes, and at intersections with both right and left turn lanes, compared to intersections with no turn lanes.

This raises important questions about how turn lanes influence intersection safety for all road users: What effect do turn lanes have on operating speeds at the intersection and along the broader corridor? How do turn lanes impact the risk of fatal and serious injury crashes for vulnerable road users (VRUs)?

While turn lanes may improve network efficiency and reduce vehicle conflicts, they may diminish a traffic calming feature that has a wider effect on vehicle operating speeds. Turn lanes also may influence VRUs’ conspicuity and predictability, increasing crossing distances, and creating additional vehicle–VRU conflict points through altered temporal and spatial separation between modes. Research is needed to quantify these effects, evaluate turn lanes (including their effects on crash exposure, likelihood, and severity), and provide actionable recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to quantify impacts of turn lanes on vehicle operating speeds and VRU fatal and serious injury crashes in urban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 14:15:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2558380</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying Factors to Improve Bicycle Lane Safety in Pittsburgh, PA</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2440029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most serious crashes involving bicyclists occur at non-intersecting road locations. Over the past decade, there has been a steady increase in the number of bicyclist fatalities. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash report and Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), there was a record low 623 bicyclist fatalities in 2010 and it climbed to 966 fatalities in 2021, which is the highest it has been since 1975. This is a surprising trend given that many states, cities, and municipalities have been installing bicycle lanes to accommodate the increasing number of bicyclists. Overall, bicycle lanes have reduced crashes up to 49% on urban 4-lane roads and 30% on 2-lane urban roads and reduced fatalities for all road users. However, these studies aggregated data from 12 different cities and therefore, due to a variety of factors, some individual cities did not see crash reductions of this magnitude. For example, when looking at shared bicycle lanes, there was an 18% risk reduction in New York City but no benefit Chicago. 
The research team proposes a study to identify factors for improving bicycle lane safety in Pittsburgh. Over the past 20 years, bicycle lanes in Pittsburgh have increased from 10 miles to over 100 miles. The team will assess bicycles lanes in Pittsburgh and provide valuable information to the city to aid in their plans to expand bicycle lanes by 150 miles over the next decade. The team will take a three-pronged approach to assessing bicycle lane safety. First, crash data will be analyzed and compared to data from similar cities. Second, surveys will gather information (e.g., attitude, incidents, etc.) based on personal experiences using bike lanes. Finally, the team will develop and deploy a camera-based platform that automatically computes bicycle lane analytics, which will include information on when, where, and how often the bicycle lanes are most often used. The team will also automatically identify hazards in or near bike lanes. Hazards may include stopped or parked vehicles, potholes, crashes, near-misses, fallen debris, snow, etc. These computed analytics may be shared with bicycle riders via a smartphone app to aid in planning and with Pittsburgh’s Department of Mobility and Infrastructure to address any issues and aid in planning the expansion of Pittsburgh’s bicycle network. For example, vehicles frequently stopped in an unprotected bike lane in a commercial district may indicate that delivery drivers are using the bike lane as temporary parking, which can be resolved by making the bike lane protected. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 13 Oct 2024 10:50:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2440029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban Demographic Shift of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Collisions, Equity, and Police Enforcement</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2232673</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project aims to address the rising pedestrian fatalities nationally by examining the geographic shifts in pedestrian fatalities and injuries and their relationship with neighborhood demographic changes, police enforcement, and social equity patterns. The research team will analyze multi-year crash and injury data from various regions and collaborate with police departments to study the correlation between police enforcement and collision rates. The project will produce a technical report, interactive data visualization tools, and recommendations for safety treatments and equitable police enforcement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 20:51:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2232673</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pedestrian vs. Bicyclist Fatality Patterns of Geographic/Demographic Shift</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2231971</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project is part of a broader Center for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety University Transportation Center (CPBS UTC) effort with an objective of shedding light on the overall national increase in pedestrian fatalities since 2009. While several studies have explored common factors associated with pedestrian fatalities over multiple decades and trends over the last 10 to 20 years, we still do not understand how the geographic patterns of pedestrian fatalities may have shifted in relation to changes in neighborhood demographic characteristics, job locations, or other activity generators.

The objective of this specific project is to better understand the similarities and differences between pedestrian and bicyclist safety patterns. Initial research has found that although pedestrian safety was largely an urban problem 20 years ago, pedestrian fatalities have been migrating into the suburbs over the last 20 years. This spatial migration has coincided with the overall increase in pedestrian fatalities in the US and may represent a critical part of the puzzle to understanding the underlying mechanisms of this increase. Initial research suggests that a suburbanization of poverty may have driven lower-income residents into outer suburbs, where although they are dependent upon non-automobile modes of transportation, there are few facilities to safely accommodate that travel behavior.

On the other hand, little research has been done to understand how bicyclist safety has shifted. A suburbanization of poverty might result in bicyclist crashes and/or injuries in the suburbs. However, there has been a strong investment in many downtowns in terms of bicycle infrastructure, which might increase exposure in downtowns (although may have also improved safety). Better understanding pedestrian and bicyclist safety trends might help us better understand the safety crises that is unfolding and allow us to better address the issues that have been identified.

The research team envisions this bicyclist safety trend project having two aspects: (1) a national analysis comparing all pedestrian fatalities to bicyclist fatalities to understand how the trends converge and differ; and (2) an analysis of specific metropolitan areas for which the team will pursue an analysis across the injury severity spectrum. For the national analysis, the team plans to explore 20 years of data, since fatality data is available on the national level with relatively good geospatial information over the last 20 years. For the metropolitan area analysis, the team anticipates analyzing 10 years of data because that is the typical timeframe that comprehensive crash data is available. The team may use metropolitan areas in Texas, as Texas has good comprehensive crash data, and quickly growing sunbelt cities have experienced significant pedestrian and bicyclist safety issues, although metro area selection will likely take place after the national analysis results are interpreted.

The expected deliverables are a final report and a policy brief (that will allow for easy interpretation of results by cities, regions, and states). The team will pare the final report into at least three academic papers. The final report, policy brief, and any published papers will be published on the CPBS website and on TRID. The team will also disseminate findings through the social media accounts of CPBS and the PIs. The team will integrate the findings into coursework at UNM in addition to coursework at collaborating universities. Results will be integrated into workforce development trainings through collaboration with NM LTAP, the NM Summer Transportation Institute, and NMSU IRD. The team will also present findings at conferences including TRB, APBP, ITE, and/or the NM Paving and Transportation Conference.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 20 Aug 2023 15:34:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2231971</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety Trends in the Post-Pandemic Era</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2229364</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project aims to analyze trends in pedestrian and bicyclist crashes and deaths in the post-pandemic era and investigate the underlying factors that contribute to these trends. The study will examine the changes in crash rates during different phases of the pandemic, considering variations in vehicle-miles traveled and commuting patterns. Factors such as infrastructure, road usage patterns, and transportation mode preferences will be studied to understand their influence on pedestrian and bicyclist safety. Additionally, the project will integrate census tract-level transportation disadvantage indicators with crash data to explore the relationship between disadvantaged communities and crash trends, addressing equity concerns. The insights gained from this research will inform evidence-based interventions and strategies to enhance pedestrian and bicyclist safety. By identifying the key factors contributing to the observed trends, policymakers and transportation agencies can develop targeted measures to mitigate risks and improve safety for pedestrians and bicyclists in the post-pandemic era.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Aug 2023 08:13:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2229364</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the Role of Arterial Roads’ Characteristics on Pedestrian and Cyclist Crashes</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2229121</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the last decade, over 80% of the increase in pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities occurred on arterial roads. However, there have been limited studies on the built environment's impact on pedestrian and cyclist safety on arterial roads. While the previous research emphasizes the need for additional understanding of the role of arterial infrastructure on safety, they acknowledge the importance of including data such as pedestrian
and bicyclist exposure to better understand how this road feature affects vulnerable users’ safety. Hence, this study aims to understand the traffic and built environment-related variables that underlie the occurrence of crashes on arterial roads in the mid-region of New Mexico by answering the following research questions: (1) whether high-speed, high-access roads are more likely to experience crashes than roads with better access management and/or slower speeds. The findings from this inquiry will enlighten the subsequent questions: (2) Do more driveways per mile correlate to more non-motorized injury crashes per mile? (3) What other factors related to the arterial built environment and demographic spatially correlate with a higher likelihood of pedestrian and bicycle crashes? As a methodology, the research team plans to use a combination of spatial analysis and econometric modeling to answer the research question presented previously. The findings from this project are timely and relevant, given the apparent lack of prior research on the safety performance of arterial roads considering vulnerable road users' perspective. By examining safety trends in New Mexico, researchers and policymakers can gain valuable insights into the specific factors contributing to road safety outcomes in different geographic areas. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Aug 2023 12:08:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2229121</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRC2302 - Development of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Flow Volumes and Risk Factors </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2215433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pedestrian and Bicyclist safety is a growing concern and priority for the U.S. Department of Transportation.  Fatalities for non-motorists have increased nationwide since 2009, and this increase has also been observed in Arkansas.  The first objective of this project will be to collect data on non-motorized transportation users across the state using count stations and crowdsourced data.  Traffic volume data will be overlaid with historical crash data to determine crash risks.  Recommended countermeasures will be determined to address high-risk areas and provide resources for future project planning to make Arkansas roads safer for all users.    ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jul 2023 17:33:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2215433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Increase the Utilization of Proven Methodologies and Tools</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2093182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project aims to do the following: (1) Update the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) tool to provide decision makers with better information so that they can make cost-effective decisions; (2) Define migration path for AASHTO to host the software; (3) Work with Data-Driven Safety Analysis Initiative program participating agencies; and (4)  Update the Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) crash typology logic to reflect current and emerging roadway conflicts including micromobility conflicts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2023 13:53:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2093182</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bicyclists vs. Right Turn Vehicles: Optimizing Design Based on Conflict Risk Data</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1951958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While protected bike lanes are very safe for users while cycling behind the protection, cyclists must cross intersections where there is no physical protection. Between 2014 and 2016, 44% of bicyclist fatalities in urban areas occurred at intersections. Of the intersection fatalities during that period, vehicle right turn vs bicyclist in the same direction ("right hook" crashes) were listed in the Top 7 most common crash types. There is a lack of data on crashes and on near-misses to inform facility design.

This project is seeking to quantify the safety effects of intersection design treatments recommended in national guidance and evaluate other key contextual elements known to impact bicyclist safety by studying the frequency and severity of detected conflict events. This study is being done in collaboration with other North American cities to conduct similar, parallel studies so that findings can be shared and generate a database for future research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 May 2022 14:23:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1951958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interactions Between Automated Vehicles and Pedestrians and Bicyclists: A Literature Review</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1888388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project will provide information on behavioral safety considerations surrounding interactions between automated vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians and bicyclists so that NHTSA can develop countermeasure programs to help reduce the number of pedestrian and bicyclist injuries and fatalities.  A literature review will be conducted to investigate the current knowledge surrounding safety considerations for pedestrians and bicyclists when interacting with AVs. As a whole, the body of automated vehicle research is rapidly expanding; however, details of safety and interactions of pedestrians and bicyclists with AVs are limited. Some of the safety issues to consider when looking at these interactions include, but are not limited to,
detection problems on the part of the AV, lack of communication of intent between AVs (e.g., lights and signals, passenger-carrying and non-passenger-carrying) and pedestrians and bicyclists (e.g., gestures and facial expressions), right of way laws that differ by jurisdiction and State, pedestrians and bicyclists feeling more confident of AV movements (leading to both positive and negative outcomes - more walking/bicycling, maneuvering into traffic, over-trust of AVs, hostility/gaming), and traffic flow and pattern changes (e.g., more congestion, pedestrians crossing at unspecified locations).
Alternate (from duplicate) abstract: 
The focus of this project is synthesizing the role of vehicle automation as it relates to pedestrian and bicycle safety, with specific attention to the wide spectrum of pedestrians and bicyclists and their behaviors. This includes older pedestrians, children, people using canes and other assistive mobility devices, people with cognitive and sensory disabilities, people using micromobility devices, as well as often marginalized groups such as low-income populations, women, Black, Indigenous, and people of color. The review will identify, assess, and synthesize current literature and research on behavioral safety considerations surrounding interactions between AVs and pedestrians and bicyclists as well as research gaps. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 2021 14:47:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1888388</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driver Behavior in the Presence of E-Scooters within Varying Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1705865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric scooters (e-scooters) have the potential to revolutionize the way we travel by providing an affordable and efficient means of transportation. The latest trend in micromobility has the potential replace short car trips and provide a solution to the first/last mile problem that is cited as an obstacle to the use of public transportation. Consider for example a recent pilot study in Brookline, MA that found within the past month of the pilot, 47.5% of e-scooter riders used them to access transit while results from implementations across the United States (U.S.) indicate that 36% of rides are replacing car trips (Lime, 2019). Ultimately, e-scooters are seen as a sustainable mode of transportation due to their minimal environmental impact, improved efficiency in moving people, and equity due to their low cost. Motivated by these benefits more and more cities across the globe are permitting e-scooter implementations, yet their safety implications for other users are still not well-understood and safety regulations even within the U.S. vary significantly. 
While e-scooter safety has not been extensively studied and statistics on crashes including e-scooters are lacking, operational similarities of e-scooters and bicyclists can be used to draw parallels and make decisions on scenarios that could be of interest. For example, a common safety concern for bicycling are the right-hook crashes, that can occur at intersections when a motorist is turning right while a bicyclist is continuing through. Another safety concern for bicyclists is the proximity (or lateral distance) a vehicle maintains from a bicyclist, especially when bypasses are occurring. It is likely that similar concerns exist for e-scooters, yet no research-to-date has investigated these issues. Most importantly, there is a lack of understanding as to how both infrastructure elements and driver attitudes towards e-scooters and their riders impact the level of safety for e-scooter users. 
The objective of this research is to develop a driving simulator experiment where drivers interact with e-scooter riders to investigate how transportation infrastructure and e-scooter riding behavior affect driver behavior. In addition, the research team proposes to assess whether driver attitudes can be associated with certain driving behaviors. For example, the team will investigate whether drivers that believe e-scooters should not be allowed to use traffic lanes have a different behavior than those that seem to be more accepting. Multiple scenarios will be developed that will differ in the type of infrastructure used by the riders (e.g., mixed traffic lanes, designated bike/e-scooter lane, or sidewalk) and the e-scooter demand and riding behavior. A questionnaire will also assess driver attitudes towards e-scooter use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2020 12:01:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1705865</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Before and After Study of Gainesville Pedestrian-Bicyclists Connected Vehicle Pilot</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1631939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ This research project will support the UF AID project through a multifaceted evaluation of the installed hardware and software, as well as pedestrian, bicycle, and skateboarder perceptions, and corridor-level operations. More specifically, the project has the following objectives: (1) Evaluate the software and hardware tools deployed around the study area, which aim to minimize pedestrian-bicyclist crashes by proactively alerting motorists, transit drivers, pedestrians, and bicyclists of the impending danger. The system to be evaluated will include intersection and mid-block crossings, which will have warning or notification systems to improve pedestrian-bicyclist access and safety at the subject locations. (2) Evaluate user perception of the smartphone application provided by the selected vendor, the effectiveness of PPD systems, RRFB and other communication technologies used to assist pedestrians and bicyclists with crossing busy streets. (3) Evaluate corridor-level performance in terms of safety and mobility.(4) Conduct a Cost-Benefit analysis of the system based on quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the effectiveness of the systems deployed.  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Jun 2019 15:59:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1631939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Evaluation of On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1628616</link>
      <description><![CDATA[

As separated on-street bicycle lanes become increasingly common, many state departments of transportation (DOTs) and local agencies have installed them to address safety concerns and promote cycling. Non-separated bikeways are marked by pavement striping or painted buffers, while separated bikeways use flexible delineators, curbs, parking lanes, or other barriers to create horizontal and vertical separation from motor vehicle traffic. Research was needed to provide state DOTs with detailed information on the anticipated safety benefits of bicycle network design features across various contexts, the relationship between these features, and the risk of midblock (non-intersection) bicycle crashes.

Under NCHRP Project 15-74, “Safety Evaluation of On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features,” the Texas A&M Transportation Institute was asked to develop a data-driven guide for practitioners at state DOTs and other transportation agencies for selecting context-appropriate design features for safety improvements to existing separated and non-separated on-street bicycle lanes and for the planning of new bicycle lanes. The research team developed a guide based on an up-to-date, quantitative analysis of crash patterns, roadway characteristics, land use patterns, and human factors that increase conflicts and the risk and severity of midblock bicycle crashes.

The NCHRP Research Report 1136: On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features: A Guide can be found here: https://doi.org/10.17226/28853

In addition to the guide published as NCHRP Research Report 1136, an associated publication detailing the conduct of research, NCHRP Web-Only Document 414: Safety Evaluation of On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features, is available here: https://doi.org/10.17226/28854

Supplemental to these publications are a technical memorandum detailing the project and a PowerPoint presentation, which can also be found on the National Academies Press webpage (https://doi.org/10.17226/27896) for NCHRP Web-Only Document 414 under “Resources.”
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 08 Jun 2019 05:21:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1628616</guid>
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