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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>In-Stream Vegetation as a Nature-Based Approach to Scour Control at Bridge Crossings
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2627352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Scour and erosion are well-established as leading causes of bridge failures in North America. While bridge crossings often include countermeasures for scour control and mitigation, the majority of existing scour countermeasures are considered expensive, impractical, and ineffective. Although routinely commented on in state-of-practice reports and highly beneficial in building and maintaining sustainable communities and ecosystems, nature-based solutions have been overlooked as an approach to scour control. A knowledge base which provides scientific evidence of the efficacy of green infrastructure such as in-stream vegetation for scour control at bridge crossings is not currently available. Evaluation based on detailed bathymetric and flow field measurements is necessary for future development of practical guidelines.
The proposed research will employ extensive physical modelling to explore the efficacy of in-stream vegetation for scour control at bridge crossings. Experiments will be conducted in the laboratory facilities of IIHR – Hydroscience & Engineering, which include a high-gradient sediment-capable tilting flume with a sediment recess. Robust flow measurement techniques, including particle image velocimetry (PIV) and acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV), will provide insight into distribution of velocity components, shear and normal stresses, and higher-order turbulence moments in the flow field of interest due to inclusion of vegetated sections in the channel. The results of the physical modelling efforts will enhance the severely limited understanding of the influence of green infrastructure elements on the scour mechanism. The primary anticipated product is the initiation of a knowledge base for the development of a framework of guidelines to be used in practice.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2025 14:20:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2627352</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamics, Drivers and Mitigation of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) and Shoreline Change: Data Needs Associated with the Mid-Currituck Bridge</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2604610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent research (S.A.V.E. Currituck, 2020) has shown that in Currituck Sound, the primary factor limiting submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) distribution is water clarity. SAV in the sound will likely be impacted by construction and shading post construction of the Mid-Currituck Bridge. In addition, studies have shown that shorelines near the Mid-Currituck Bridge terminus on the east and west side are experiencing significant erosion rates. Bridge design and ultimate construction may change local dynamics (i.e., wave field, water clarity) that can influence SAV distribution and shoreline position. This project has three primary objectives relevant to understanding water quality, SAV and shoreline mitigation strategies: (1) Quantify temporal and spatial changes in water quality, specifically CDOM abundance in surface waters of northern Currituck Sound; (2) evaluate shoreline change rates on multiple timescales, including influence of storms, near bridge landing; and (3) synthesize remote sensing and field data to provide information to limit impacts to water quality, SAV and shorelines during bridge construction and maintenance and to prioritize mitigation for maximum benefit. It is critical to have more information on the current local water quality, shoreline change and SAV dynamics to better predict and limit damage associated with bridge construction and to prioritize required mitigation activities for maximum benefit. This research will focus on expanding data collection near the bridge corridor and broadening understanding of water clarity/quality dynamics and its potential role in changing SAV distribution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 14:53:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2604610</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Embedded Box Culverts for Aquatic Organism Passage</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2551253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) designs, operates, and maintains many of the transportation systems throughout Montana. When roads intersect rivers, streams, wetlands or other water features, MDT utilizes hydraulic structures, either bridges or culverts, to pass over them. And, in situations where the waterbody has aquatic organisms, such as fish or amphibians, MDT designs the structures to not only convey water, sediment, and woody debris through them, but also to provide connectivity for aquatic species. 

In some settings, MDT designs and constructs crossings using embedded box structures with a “two” layer approach. The bottom layer in this design consists of larger rock designed to be stable and an upper layer designed to match a river channels mobile sediment regime. The upper layer is often thought of as the “active” layer as it can move with natural sediment movements in the stream or river system. 

Some state and federal agencies that review MDT projects and issue permits for them, have expressed concern with the “two” layer approach and, specifically, the use of concrete box culverts instead of open-bottom arches or bridges, in some settings. MDT also wants to ensure their designs are functioning properly by providing river and stream continuity, aquatic organism passage, and a safe, resilient road infrastructure, but at the same time not overdesign them. 

Therefore, there is a need to assess how existing box culverts designed using the “two” layer approach are functioning in terms of maintaining their sediment beds while also providing aquatic organism passage.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 May 2025 13:59:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2551253</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Aquatic Organism Passage Through 3-Sided and 4-Sided Culverts on High Quality Streams  
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2427732</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When culverts are placed into streams, it is important to ensure that the culvert does not inhibit aquatic organism passage (AOP). AOP refers to the capacity of a structure to maintain the natural continuity of the habitat, stream flow velocities, and depth so that aquatic organisms (e.g., fish, macroinvertebrates, salamanders, etc.) can move through the structure, both up and down stream, uninhibited. This research study is important for both Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) and the Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) standards as well as Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) best practices. To ensure the most appropriate structures are utilized in high quality streams that support the viability of aquatic life, research is needed to determine the actual impact of these structures and their support of the passage of natural organisms in streams. The goal of this research is to determine the impact to AOP of 3- and 4-sided box culverts in high quality streams in Ohio and provide recommendations for the best applications based on stream characteristics. The objectives of this research include the following: (1) evaluate AOP for vertebrates and macroinvertebrates in 3- and 4-sided box culverts on high quality streams; (2) evaluate barriers to AOP by culvert type; (3) identify limitations of each culvert type, considering natural features, such as, but not limited to landscape and geology; (4) provide data set(s) demonstrating viability of AOP in culverts (or not) based on a variety of factors, such as, but not limited to slope, culvert type, velocity, etc.; and (5) recommendations for practices to improve the viability of AOP in culverts, such as, the use of products designed to support AOP, burying inverts in 4-sided structures, etc. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Sep 2024 11:19:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2427732</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamics, Drivers and Mitigation of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) and Shoreline Change: Data Needs Associated with the Mid-Currituck Bridge</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2422895</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research has shown that in Currituck Sound the primary factor limiting submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) distribution is water clarity. Data collection in the last several months has suggested an expansion of SAV in some shallow regions of Currituck Sound. An understanding of SAV depth distribution and light availability in this system has provided water depth zones to differentiate the likelihood of sustaining planted SAV. Changes in water clarity driven by Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) is likely changing SAV growth on annual timescales. In addition, shoreline erosion is likely affecting water clarity and certainly will influence construction along the banks. SAV in the sound will likely be affected by construction and shading post construction of the Mid- Currituck Bridge. In addition, studies have shown that shorelines near the Mid-Currituck Bridge terminus on the east and west side are experiencing significant erosion rates. This research will focus on expanding data collection near the bridge corridor. The project will further develop the SAV mitigation tool by collecting the necessary higher resolution data (e.g., shoreline position, bathymetry, SAV presence, proximity to existing vegetation, water quality/clarity) to focus future SAV mitigation sites.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2024 08:29:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2422895</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research and development of in vitro propagation of freshwater mussels for restoration</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2236953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freshwater mussels are among the most endangered faunal groups in the world. In North Carolina, there are eight species either federally listed or proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act. As such, propagation has become an important tool for mussel conservation in the state. Traditional propagation activities involve inoculating host fish with mussel larvae to take them through metamorphosis and to the next life stage in captivity. In vitro techniques bypass the mussel’s obligate fish host and allow for transformation in a petri dish or culture flask using modified cell culture techniques. This method has potential to be extremely effective, transforming a greater percentage of an adult mussel’s brood than does exposure to a host fish. Unfortunately, in vitro propagated mussels have often had less vigor and lower survivability compared to their in vivo counterparts. With the establishment of the Yates Mills Aquatic Conservation Center (YMACC), NC State University will be involved in mussel propagation research and production for conservation well into the future. The research team proposes supplementing the traditional propagation at the YMACC with in vitro efforts to both boost overall production and conducting research to refine the technique to make this methodology more efficient. The initial target species include Dwarf Wedgemussel, Tar River Spinymussel, Yellow Lance, and Atlantic Pigtoe. Proposed research tasks include evaluating different media recipes and serum types and characterizing the juvenile mussel gut microbiome to identify potential beneficial probiotics in early grow-out. A final task will coalesce developing expertise to directly compare in vitro versus in vivo techniques to determine which is most efficient and effective for each of the target species.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2023 10:22:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2236953</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acoustic Telemetry Monitoring of Atlantic Sturgeon in the Vicinity of the Route 64 Bridge, Alligator River, Dare County, North Carolina</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2236950</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) were once abundant along the Atlantic Slope of North America and were culturally important to Native Americans and early European colonists. Throughout the 19th Century, Atlantic Sturgeon were fished unsustainably for roe (caviar) and flesh. The peak coastal harvest of Atlantic Sturgeon (>7 M pounds) occurred in 1890 but by 1920 annual harvest was less than 100,000 pounds. In 1998 the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) imposed a moratorium on sturgeon catches. In 2012, most Atlantic sturgeon populations, including the Carolina distinct population segment (DPS), became federally listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The aging Alligator River Bridge on US 64, Dare County, NC, is slated to be replaced within the next few years. Currently, data are very limited about if and how Atlantic sturgeon utilize the Alligator River, especially around the US 64 Bridge crossing. Federal and state permitting agencies are concerned that the construction of the new bridge and demolition of the old bridge will harass and/or harm Atlantic sturgeon in proximity to the construction area. The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) and the permitting agencies need more information on the migratory movements of Atlantic sturgeon through the project area when considering the effect to this species from construction of the new Alligator River Bridge. Discussions between the NCDOT Division 1, Raleigh Environmental Analysis Unit and NC Division of Marine Fisheries (NCDMF) have occurred to address the possibility for an in-water work moratorium for the Alligator River Bridge replacement. The reason for this moratorium request is due to the lack of existing data about when and to what magnitude Atlantic sturgeon are in Alligator River during times of the year. To obtain the needed information required by NCDMF, research must be conducted in the area of interest. A collaboration of NCDMF, NCDOT and Virginia commonwealth University (VCU), propose to start collecting, implanting telemetry tags and monitoring sturgeon movements in the Alligator River.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2023 10:18:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2236950</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Practices. Topic 55-18. Permitting, Design, and Construction Practices for Aquatic Organism Passage</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2209731</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State departments of transportation (DOTs) have traditionally designed structures to convey water under roads based on cost, hydraulic efficiency, and risk criteria. However, this design approach can result in barriers to aquatic organism passage (AOP) as an unintended and undesired consequence. Thus, state DOTs have come under increasing regulatory direction to ensure AOP through structures.
State DOTs on the West Coast and in the Northeast have been dealing with AOP for some time now, initially motivated by state and federal regulatory requirements, and now sometimes by legal challenge. Design practice in these state DOTs has settled on a suite of generally accepted approaches and practices calling for a higher level of geomorphic and hydraulic design than was formerly the case. Modern AOP design typically entails an interdisciplinary approach relying on various combinations of hydraulic engineers, hydrologists, fluvial geomorphologists, and biologists.
As a result of AOP design, structures have gotten larger, streambed placement and construction is now a routine practice, and 3-sided and open-bottom structures are strongly encouraged by regulators and resource agencies. Project scopes and costs have increased as compared to traditional hydraulic capacity designs. Some state DOTs have elected to address AOP programmatically while others have proceeded on a project-by-project basis. Along with these challenges has come that of institutional capacity. State DOT staffs may not have the numbers, skills, or experience, nor do many of the consultants who have traditionally functioned as extensions of DOT staffs.
The objective of this synthesis is to document state DOT practices and activities in designing, constructing, and monitoring structures that deliver aquatic organism passage.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jul 2023 21:22:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2209731</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Down-the-Hole Drilling Acoustic Research</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research will address down-the-hole (DTH) drilling noise impacts to marine mammals. Tasks for this research include a thorough literature review on relevant information on DTH drilling, a review of the Sound Source Verification Study Plans and data collection, analysis of the data collected, a draft and final report summarizing the results including recommendations on how to use the data going forward.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Jun 2023 20:10:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2190088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research and development of a water quality testing program targeting imperiled aquatic species and their habitats at extant and re-introduction sites in the Complete 540 project area</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2120728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freshwater mussels of the family Unionidae are filter-and deposit-feeding aquatic organisms that live burrowed in sediments of our streams and rivers. Unfortunately, they are in serious global decline and urgently need protection and conservation. The declines in the abundance and diversity of native North American mussels, snails, fishes, and amphibians have been attributed to a wide array of human activities that cause pollution and water-quality degradation, and habitat destruction and alteration. These types of threats remain present, and unfortunately, these organisms residing in the streams of North Carolina have experienced similar declines. For some water quality constituents and pollutants such as ammonia, heavy metals, major ions, and others, unionid mussels are known to be among the most sensitive faunal groups in aquatic systems. Mussels and other aquatic organisms are exposed to these compounds through multiple routes including surface water, sediment, porewater, and diet, and for many chemicals, the newly transformed juvenile mussel is the most sensitive life stage, although this may vary by species and compound. The most effective ways to determine suitable water quality and protective chemical thresholds are to perform in situ measurements of organism growth and survival using caged organism studies coupled with simultaneous measurements of water and sediment quality or through toxicity testing with standard methods in a controlled laboratory setting. This project will develop and implement a rigorous water quality and habitat testing program for reintroduction and restoration initiatives targeting imperiled mussels and other priority aquatic species (Dwarf Wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon), Yellow Lance (Elliptio lanceolata), Atlantic Pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni), Carolina Madtom (Noturus furiosus) and Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi) in the Complete 540 project area of North Carolina. The research team will utilize captively propagated organisms produced at the Yates Mill Aquatic Conservation Center (YMACC) or by its state and federal partners to determine whether the water and sediment quality conditions present in the streams targeted for species reintroduction are conducive to their long-term survival, growth, and reproduction. The development and implementation of this water quality testing program for the target imperiled aquatic species at extant and reintroduction sites will be essential for long-term success of conservation efforts because proper site selection requires an improved understanding of the factors required to support fully the species.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Feb 2023 08:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2120728</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bridge and Culvert Hydraulics including Aquatic Organism Passage</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2067982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research will develop solutions to key challenges associated with flow modeling for bridge and culvert hydraulics including aquatic organism passage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2022 16:26:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2067982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stream &amp; Wetland Mitigation Forecasting: Developing a Predictive Model for Faster Project Delivery and Cost-Savings

</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1723551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stream and wetland mitigation is required for projects that exceed specified thresholds, as outlined in Sections 404 and 401 of the Clean Water Act and the Ohio Isolated Wetlands Law. Delivering surface water mitigation for Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) projects is time-consuming and expensive. A more precise, geographic information system (GIS)-based forecasting model is needed to facilitate budgeting and consider advanced credit purchases in watersheds with large mitigation needs. 
The goal of this project is to develop a GIS-based model that assists ODOT in forecasting future stream and wetland mitigation needs for projects outlined in the 4-year plan and potentially beyond. This could result in process improvement by enhancing mitigation forecasting strategies; cost savings from more accurate project budgeting; time savings by securing mitigation earlier in the Project Development Process; and improved minimization and avoidance of aquatic resource impacts.
                            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 14:48:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1723551</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>e-DNA for Aquatic Species</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1683236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Collection of environmental DNA (eDNA) from aquatic habitats impacted by transportation projects is an evolving tool for the detection of species, including those that are rare, threatened and endangered. Assay tests to determine the presence of eDNA in water samples are developed on a species by species basis, at considerable investment in time, money and labor. This study will identify aquatic species of interest, and develop assays for those species of most concern. Once assays are developed, eDNA sampling will provide a relatively inexpensive and efficient method to determine the presence of aquatic species near construction projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Feb 2020 13:33:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1683236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Review of Special Provisions and Other Conditions Placed on GDOT Projects for Imperiled Aquatic Species Protection (Main Project Phase)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1601083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overall objectives of this project are to identify those special provisions and other conditions that are necessary for managing impacts of crossings on imperiled aquatic species, and to create a biological assessment in support of a programmatic agreement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2019 14:11:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1601083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Non-Invasive Detection and Identification of Eastern Hellbender in Ohio Surface Waters 
Using Aquatic Environmental DNA (Phase 2)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1505471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) are reclusive aquatic salamanders that are declining in population across their range, up to 80% decline in Ohio. They are currently listed as endangered by Ohio Division Natural Resources and are a candidate species for federal listing by US Fish and Wildlife Service. Due to their endangered status, Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) must perform habitat assessment and presence/absence surveys at project sites. Currently, the most effective method to assess presence involves personnel wading in water, shifting and flipping large rock slabs or log jams, and visually searching for the species. This method is dangerous to surveyors and disruptive to the species and their habitat. Recent studies have successfully identified Eastern Hellbender presence using environmental DNA (eDNA). Using a developed eDNA procedure, entire watersheds could be studied to determine Eastern Hellbender locations in relation to ODOT project sites. This approach could develop data which would eliminate entire reaches of Ohio streams from the need for further surveys for future ODOT projects. 

The goal of Phase 2 is to improve documentation of Eastern Hellbender distribution throughout Ohio streams via a comprehensive methodology developed in Phase 1 of the research for detection, locating, and mapping the animals in the wild. The desired methodologies would include mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis from environmental samples as well as telemetry data. The outcome of the telemetry and mtDNA research would develop an effective and inexpensive method for determining the presence or absence of Eastern Hellbenders that can be easily and reliably used by the staff of the ODOT Office of Environment at future project sites.         ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2018 12:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1505471</guid>
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