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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Legal Aspects of Airport Programs. Topic 18-01. Legal Responsibilities Arising Out of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Air Carrier Access Act</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2625813</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) ensure the rights and accommodations of individuals with disabilities in the United States. The ADA provides a comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities, including in employment, public accommodations, and transportation. The ACAA addresses the rights of passengers with disabilities in air travel and requires airlines to accommodate the needs of these individuals.    

Airlines and airports play critical roles in implementing these laws. Airlines are responsible for ensuring that their services, from booking to boarding, are accessible, while airports must provide accessible facilities. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) also have regulatory authority over air travel, including consumer protections, safety, and operational standards. While FAA's primary focus is on safety and efficiency of the national airspace system, it plays a supporting role in ensuring compliance with accessibility standards through various policies and guidance. It includes collaboration with the DOT, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), and other agencies to ensure that regulations and guidance related to disability accommodations are upheld. However, the intersection of the ADA and ACAA can create challenges, as the ADA covers public spaces such as airport terminals, and the ACAA governs the treatment of passengers by airlines within the airport terminal.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to examine the legal obligations for airports and airlines arising out of the ADA and the ACAA, including accommodations for visible and invisible physical and mental impairments that substantially limit one or more major life activities. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2025 16:04:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2625813</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Legal Aspects of Transit and Intermodal Transportation Programs. Topic 22-03. Legal Aspects of Transit to Airports</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2236988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most large and midsize airports have one or more modes of public transportation for passengers and employees. Growth in air travel is forecast to continue, and public transportation services to and near airports will also likely increase. Research is needed to present the legal issues around improving public transportation services and facilities that serve airports.

This research aims to produce a summary of the legal issues facing attorneys for transit agencies and airports when improving public transportation services and facilities that serve airports. One of the main issues to be examined is planning and constructing the infrastructure required to improve public transportation serving airports (e.g., stops, stations, and rights-of-way). ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2023 20:23:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2236988</guid>
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      <title>ACRP Web Resource for Airport User Choice Modeling and Analysis</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2007981</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airport users’ ground access and egress transportation mode choice and airport choice models provide essential information for airport planning studies. An airport user's preference is one consideration for airport operators when evaluating investments in ground transportation access and egress infrastructure. This research will provide publicly available data for airport user choice modeling and analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to develop an Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) web resource to analyze and model the users’ choice of an airport based on ground access and egress transportation modes and air transportation decision drivers. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Aug 2022 14:11:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2007981</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incorporating Emerging Transportation and Ground Access Technologies at Airports</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1872924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Airport Cooperative Research Project (ACRP) Research Report 269: Enhancing Airport Access with Emerging Mobility provides strategies for addressing current and future transportation and ground access technologies and for planning landside facilities that incorporate these emerging technologies. Airport operators and other landside stakeholders will find these guidelines helpful when planning, designing, and operating passenger terminal facilities, including roadways, curbs, parking, mass transit facilities, and ground transportation centers. Accompanying this guide are appendices that provide case examples and other supportive research, as well as an electronic toolkit that features interactive content and tools to assess electric growth for landside transportation.

Emerging ground access technologies, such as autonomous, automated, connected, and electric vehicles, will affect airport landside operations. Curbside traffic will change, becoming more complex as automotive technologies become more innovative. Other mass and personal transportation modes that leverage both legacy and new technologies will also provide mobility to and from the airport. Airport operators will need to understand the impacts to landside operations to effectively plan for passenger terminal facilities. They will also have to consider accessibility, costs, legal and regulatory implications, sustainability, and resilience.

The research, conducted by WSP USA with support from Harris Miller Miller & Hanson and TransSolutions, focused on guidelines for near- and long-term integration of emerging and multimodal ground access technologies to enhance landside operations and the customer experience of passenger terminal facilities. The research included a literature review, an inventory of existing and emerging transportation modes relevant to airport ground access, and an impact assessment. An industry working group was also engaged to provide their feedback during the project.

The guide and accompanying tools provide information on the current state and possible changes to airport access, emerging modes and technologies, strategies and planning for airport access, facility requirements planning, and other challenges that come with managing future landside operations changes. These materials can be found on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org) by searching for ACRP Research Report 269: Enhancing Airport Access with Emerging Mobility.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Enhancing Airport Access with Emerging Mobility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12323.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Aug 2021 22:24:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1872924</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Feasibility of Charging Private Vehicles an Airport Drop-Off and Pick-Up Charge</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1372836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As transportation network companies (TNCs) like Uber and Lyft drive a change in modern transport behaviors, fewer passengers pay for services such as parking or commercial vehicle drop-off at airports, meaning that what once was a primary revenue source for airports now has a tenuous future. Therefore, airports must find a way to counterbalance the revenue losses created by these changes.

One such solution has been on the rise in Great Britain. With airport drop-off and pick-up charges, private vehicles must pay for the convenience of loading or unloading passengers at the airport entrance. Not only does this practice have the potential to generate millions of dollars in annual revenue, but it also offers a remedy for other maladies such as congestion and safety issues on airport roads. This report examines the effects that drop-off and pick-up charges have had in Great Britain and explores what United States airports might expect should they too adopt the practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2015 12:18:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1372836</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Planning Tool for Airport Access Phase II</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1234206</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Phase I of the project has developed a combined quantitative and qualitative approach to planning for improved intermodal connectivity at California airports. The quantitative approach involved the development of a prototype Intermodal Airport Ground Access Planning Tool (IAPT) which allows planners to evaluate the relative performance of project alternatives in intermodal airport ground access planning. Due to the funding limitations in the previous phase of the project, the modeling components have not been fully tested and may not generate satisfactory results. Therefore, further IAPT development and testing will be the main task for this phase. The IAPT development will focus on the following components: passenger mode choice model development; transportation provider behavior modeling; calculation of system performance measures; and other improvements including data input, setting analysis parameters, and display of the performance analysis results. In addition, the IAPT tool will be demonstrated to potential users which include MTC, SBCAG, City of Los Angeles, and Caltrans Districts. A user manual and technical documentation will be prepared.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 15:08:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1234206</guid>
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