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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A Generative AI Framework for Managing Public Comments in Transportation Agency Assessments</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2606403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research develops a Generative artificial intelligence (AI) framework for evaluating transportation agency resolution of public complaints and comments, addressing the challenge of siloed datasets where public feedback and agency improvement records remain disconnected and difficult to analyze collectively. Building on previous work demonstrating Large Language Model efficiency in analyzing public feedback, the study creates automated systems to identify patterns and correlations between reported concerns and documented improvements. The methodology involves collecting complementary datasets including public complaint narratives with location details and timestamps, alongside agency activity records documenting improvement efforts and outcomes. Natural Language Processing techniques will clean and standardize unstructured text data, while machine learning algorithms generate text embeddings and cluster recurring themes in complaints and agency responses. Large Language Models will perform semantic matching to quantify correlations between complaints and improvements, classify complaint-response pairs by resolution status, and conduct gap analysis identifying unaddressed service issues. Evaluation metrics include response time quantification, resolution effectiveness assessment, sentiment analysis of follow-up feedback, and identification of systemic gaps in agency responsiveness. The research produces a visual dashboard displaying complaint trends, response patterns, and automated reports providing actionable insights for transportation agencies and policymakers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Oct 2025 15:03:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2606403</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparing Pricing Mechanisms of Managed Lanes: Performance Assessment of PR-22 Dynamic Toll Lanes</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2589111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A performance assessment and willingness-to-pay (WTP) analysis were conducted of the reversible dynamic toll lanes (DTL) of freeway PR-22 in Puerto Rico. This is the first managed lane facility of its kind in a toll freeway in Puerto Rico. Toll transactions from the year 2019 were used to calculate seven performance measures to assess the impact of the managed lanes on travel times and vehicle speeds on the 12 km-long (7.7 mi) segment. The results demonstrate that the dynamic pricing algorithm behaves as expected, increasing the price for the DTL as traffic increases and vehicle speeds decrease on the facility, and provided satisfactory performance for the conditions at PR-22. The DTL provided an average travel time savings of 7 minutes and enhanced travel time reliability when compared with the general toll lanes (GTL) during the morning peak period. Compared to six other managed lane facilities in the U.S., the results from the PR-22 DTL show higher travel time savings and reliability. A survey of PR-22 users was conducted to estimate their willingness-to-pay (WTP) and their attitudes and perceptions associated with the quality and usage of the DTL. The aggregate analysis of PR-22 users using the Van Westerndorp Price Sensitivity Meter resulted in a WTP range for the DTL of $1.00 to $2.79, which is less than the $4.95 maximum toll charged for the managed lane facility. Even though the maximum price exceeds their WTP, the level of congestion in the GTL during peak periods still motivates users to pay the extra fee for the DTL outside of their preference. A regression analysis found that the factors that significantly reduce the WTP of the freeway users include subjects from higher income levels, higher ages, and females. As stated by freeway users, the congestion in the GTL is the main factor that influence them to use the DTL. Therefore, a recommendation to increase the usage of the PR-22 DTL is to provide commuters with relevant information about the real-time benefits of the DTL. The implementation of a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) policy for the freeway corridor should also be studied. A HOV policy could promote ridesharing on the corridor while providing economic relief and reducing or eliminating the premium toll fee of the managed lanes to some commuters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 16 Aug 2025 23:49:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2589111</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Willingness to Pay for Managed Lanes (MLs)</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2563659</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project will investigate users’ willingness to pay to use managed lane (ML) facilities in light of the recent and rapidly shifting demographic trends and develop a better understanding on how recent mobility options, shifts in telework, online shopping adoption, and demographic and societal trends may have affected the preferences and choices toward using ML facilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Jun 2025 13:19:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2563659</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How Effective Are Attitudinal Variables at Improving Travel Behavior Models? Evaluation Using an Overlapping Sample From an Attitude-Rich Survey and the 2017 National Household Travel Survey</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2553161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Facing various factors affecting travel behavior, including altered work/commute patterns and advancements in transportation technologies, travel demand models are, and will be, in need of enhanced prediction performances. One well-established way to better understand and predict travel behavior is to include attitudes in travel behavior models, which enables explaining behavior more completely and meaningfully and simulating scenarios involving changes in attitudes. To encourage measuring and utilizing attitudes in practice-oriented travel demand models, a clear demonstration of the effectiveness of such an approach is necessary. To this end, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of including a handful of attitudinal marker variables in government-sponsored surveys, by examining the improvements that those variables bring to modeling travel behavior measured in the surveys. The datasets to be used are the responses to the 2017 Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) Emerging Technologies survey (an attitude-rich survey dataset) and the Georgia add-on sample’s responses to the 2017 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). Using attitudes predicted from machine learning functions trained on the non-overlapping sample of respondents to the former survey (N » 1,800) using only a skeletal set of attitudinal variables (called marker variables), the overlap sample of respondents completing both surveys (N » 1,500) will be deployed to model several travel behavior variables found in the latter survey, to investigate how effective the predicted attitudes are as explanatory variables, compared to the “observed” attitudinal factor scores created from the former survey, and to the marker variables themselves. This study will yield insight into the potential of employing attitudinal marker variables in practice-oriented travel behavior modeling based on government-administered surveys.  ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 14:39:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2553161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Michigan Mobility Metrics (M3): An Outcome-Focused, Multi-Year Survey Deployment and Data Collection Effort</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2553155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation modes, technologies, and the broader context within which people travel have evolved rapidly over the last decade. Examples of such changes include the introduction of: new/emerging modes like ridesharing and micromobility, electric and automated vehicle technologies, information and communication devices; and the increase in remote and hybrid work due to COVID-19. It is critical to understand how these changes will impact residents’ travel behaviors and choices into the future, particularly taking into account the diversity in land use and demographics across Michigan. The ongoing statewide household travel survey effort is critical in providing a current snapshot of travel patterns over 2024-2026. To provide an additional layer of context to this survey, the research team proposes a detailed research-oriented survey that can augment this data by providing an in-depth view of residents’ attitudes, preferences, behaviors, and intended adoption rates for new transport modes and technologies.

Detailed survey data on residents’ attitudes, needs, and intended adoption of emerging/future mobility modes and services can drastically improve demand modeling, planning, and policy development processes across the state. Potential similarity in time frame with the ongoing household travel survey would also facilitate spatially and temporally aligned data integration across the datasets and providing a richer survey dataset than Michigan has ever had before for transportation planning purposes. This rich data can enable the estimation of demand forecasting parameters that make use of the most recent research in these fields, and is particularly opportune given the recent development and implementation of a new activity-based model for the Detroit metropolitan region (for which the Metropolitan Planning Organization is the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments: SEMCOG). Taken together, these developments may improve demand forecasts, evaluation, and policy development for the SEMCOG region, as well as for the state.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 19:21:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2553155</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Study: Integrating Surveys and Semi-Structured Interviews to Explore Cell Phone Use While Driving and Emerging Technologies for Behavior Mitigation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2472696</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Distracted driving, predominantly due to cell phone use, remains a critical road safety issue, causing thousands of fatalities annually in the United States. This project investigates the patterns and contexts of cell phone use while driving and evaluates the acceptance and effectiveness of emerging preventive technologies, such as texting prevention apps and device-based solutions. Using a sequential mixed methods approach, the study will analyze survey data from Massachusetts drivers and conduct interviews with both users and developers to explore attitudes and behaviors related to these technologies. The findings aim to inform evidence-based interventions and policy recommendations, advancing road safety through innovative, user-centered solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Dec 2024 10:08:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2472696</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the Changing Dynamics of Household Vehicle Ownership and Use in the U.S.</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2440045</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project is driven by a pressing need to understand the rapidly evolving landscape of household vehicle dynamics amidst technological advancements and significant societal changes. It focuses on the growing urgency of climate change mitigation and adaptation, a push for equitable mobility for all, and the transition towards vehicle electrification. Aiming to fill the knowledge gap in how households are adapting to these transformative forces, the project will design and deploy a comprehensive nationwide survey, called Evolving Vehicle Ownership Preferences and Use Survey (EVOPUS). This survey seeks to collect data on vehicle ownership, use, and preferences in the context of societal and environmental changes as well as related changes in household energy use (e.g. the adoption of residential solar photovoltaics and battery storage). The major contributions of the project are the following: 1) a nationwide dataset including data on travel behavior, household characteristics, vehicle ownership/transactions and use, mobility patterns as well as attitudes, perceptions, preferences, and lifestyles, made available to other researchers; 2) enhanced understanding of key barriers and drivers of electric vehicle adoption in distinct population segments; 3) a basis for new policies and programs and improvements to existing policies and programs to enable an equitable transition to sustainable mobility across heterogeneous population segments throughout the country.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2024 17:16:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2440045</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How Effective are Marker Variables at Predicting Attitudinal Factor Scores? An Out-of-sample Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2440257</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the fact that existing models are not up to the job of predicting travel behavior in today’s rapidly changing landscape, and despite considerable evidence that attitudes help explain behavior more completely and more meaningfully, attitudes are nowhere to be found in practice-oriented travel demand forecasting models.  Two main objections have been raised to their inclusion:  they are too cumbersome to measure, and difficult-if-not-impossible to forecast.  This project would continue a line of research that focuses on overcoming the first objection.  Specifically, the plan is to use machine learning methods to train a prediction function on one survey dataset (the “donor sample”, and then apply that function to impute attitudes into another dataset (the “recipient sample”).  This keeps the recipient survey less burdensome on the respondent, while allowing the dataset to receive attitudinal information that would otherwise be absent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2024 15:50:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2440257</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating  the  Impact  of  Enforcement  and Education on Reducing Drug-Impaired Driving</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2430395</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prevalence of non-alcohol drug use by drivers has increased in the last few decades, with marijuana becoming the leading drug detected in fatal crashes. In 2014, 20% of drivers tested positive for at least one drug in the National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by drivers, while the proportion involved in fatal collisions for those who tested positive is nearly double that at approximately 38%. Further challenges include the growing number of drugs and drug combinations that contribute to impairment and the lack of rapid, reliable, and affordable roadside tests such as those that exist for alcohol.
Several interventions to prevent impaired driving have been proposed to decrease alcohol and/or drug-related crashes, including lowering the legal limit for drunk driving, sobriety checkpoints, passage and enforcement of alcohol laws targeting selling, possessing, keg distribution, ignition interlocks for all offenders, zero tolerance for teen drivers and per se laws for drugs. Given the growing challenges of the impact of such substances, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of enforcement and education is essential. This research will design a survey to understand individuals' perceptions of strict enforcement and widespread education. We will perform descriptive statistics and empirical modeling based on the survey data. The output of this project will be a set of evidence-based policies that will direct us to promote safety by reducing drug and alcohol-impaired driving. Furthermore, this collaborative research can effectively help to reduce the impacts of driving under the influence by providing evidence-based public policy, engineering, education, and enforcement

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Sep 2024 22:33:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2430395</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drivers' Knowledge/ Correct Use of New Technology Features in Vehicles: Follow-on</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2384952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to explore drivers’ attitudes regarding Advanced Driving Assistance Systems or ADAS (e.g., lane keeping assist, adaptive cruise control) before and after having used the systems; how drivers use these systems during on-road driving, and the extent to which such systems affect safety behaviors speeding and distracted driving. The study will include 60 participants (30 males and females) from each of 2 age groups (40-49 and 70+) for a total of 120 participants. Data collection activities include a Knowledge and Attitude Questionnaire and baseline and final drives involving approximately 2-hour planned routes. Participants shall complete one route before the naturalistic driving interval with the ADAS disabled (baseline) and again after driving with the ADAS systems activated (final drive). The study also will involve four weeks of naturalistic driving with the ADAS activated. The results will be summarized in a final report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2024 12:00:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2384952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Early Understanding of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM): Public Perceptions of Opportunities and Obstacles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2343958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Advanced air mobility (AAM) is a broad concept enabling consumers access to on-demand air mobility, cargo and package delivery, healthcare applications, and emergency services through an integrated and connected multimodal transportation network. However, a number of challenges could impact the adoption of AAM, such as concerns about safety and trust in novel aviation technologies (e.g., vertical lift, electrification, and pilotless operations). Early exploratory research on AAM identified a number of potential concerns from the user and non-user perspectives, such as concerns about noise, visual pollution, and safety of electric and automated flight. However, this early exploratory research is limited because of respondents’ lack of direct experience with AAM. To build upon this early work and help overcome these limitations, the Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) research team propose conducting immersive pre- and post-small group discussions with (n=40+) employing a real aircraft mock-up. This research will advance early understanding of potential opportunities and obstacles associated (e.g., community impacts such as noise pollution and safety, social equity, and multimodal integration) with AAM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Feb 2024 16:23:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2343958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Impacts of Age and Health on Different Aspects of Mobility and Driving Behaviors</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2325917</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AgeLab is set against the backdrop of an aging American population, with an increasing emphasis on maintaining driving ability and mobility in older age. This study aims to explore two main questions: the dynamics surrounding older adults' decisions to retire from driving and their subsequent mobility transitions, and how older adults' self-reported driving behaviors are influenced by their age, health, and access to vehicle technologies. Utilizing existing data sets, including a nationally representative survey on driving habits and the MIT AgeLab’s Lifestyle Leaders Panel data from individuals aged 85 or older, the study will analyze patterns of self-regulation in driving, the use of advanced vehicle technologies, and the effects of health and age on driving behaviors including distracted driving. The project also plans to integrate findings from annual surveys on attitudes towards automation, encompassing a variety of transportation modes and technologies. Key goals include generating insights for public outreach materials, enhancing support for older adults in driving retirement decisions, and contributing to academic and professional discourse through conferences and peer-reviewed publications. Involving young researchers and undergraduate interns, this study aims to deepen our understanding of mobility and driving behavior among older adults and to inform interventions for safer and more supportive transportation options for this demographic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jan 2024 14:11:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2325917</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On the Role of Perceived Safety Concerns on Public Acceptance Behavior of Autonomous Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2292666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the maturing road tests and limited commercial mobility services with autonomous vehicles (AVs), the existing behavioral research, surveys, and polls suggest that, to date, the public is largely reluctant or neutral to accept this emerging technology due to potential lurking failures and malfunctions in unexpected weather/road conditions and cyber-attacks. The persistence of this demand landscape for AVs, however, could curb the promising economic, societal, and environmental benefits of prevalent autonomous mobility. Proactive policy interventions are thus much needed early on to provide impetus for AV acceptance, which should be informed by an in-depth understanding of the AV acceptance behavior of the public in order to identify the determinants thereof and direct the policies towards appropriate population groups. In view of this, the main contribution of this proposed project is advancing this knowledge through a joint econometric modeling framework to unravel the impact on AV acceptance of individuals’ perceived concern about AV safety, among other influential factors, while at the same time “endogenously” connecting the perceived safety concern to the individuals’ characteristics and attitudinal profiles. Notably, the joint modeling framework can disentangle the “true” interdependencies between AV safety concern and AV acceptance from the effect of any unobserved factors that commonly influence both AV safety concern and AV acceptance behavior (i.e., endogeneity effects). Accommodating the endogeneity issue could help avoid inconsistent estimation results and in turn misleading policy recommendations. Moreover, since AV acceptance behavior is related to household vehicle decisions, the public latent preferences for vehicle attributes (e.g., vehicle cost, reliability, performance, and refueling) will also be accounted for. The proposed model will be estimated on an open dataset acquired from a stated preferences survey in the U.S.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Nov 2023 18:22:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2292666</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bike Lending in North America: Understanding Business Models, User Acceptance, Social Equity, and Public Safety</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2292798</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bicycle lending is a growing phenomenon within cities and towns across the country. Bike lending libraries allow people to check out bicycles, much like checking out a library book, for a set period of time and return it after the term is up or they have finished with it. Bike lending is different from bike rental or bike sharing in that most lending arrangements do not involve an exchange of money. Bike lending libraries exist to serve several different use cases and purposes. One of the main purposes of bike lending libraries is to allow people to use certain types of bicycles that they do not need all the time. To better understand the role and potential that bike lending libraries may have on the growth of bicycling as well as on the safety and social equity of access to riders, the research team first need an understanding of the scope and scale of bike lending initiatives across North America. This study will explore the topic by (1) conducting a literature review, (2) building an online census of bike lending operations in North America, (3) conducting expert interviews with operators, (4) conducting a survey of operators, and (5) conducting a focus group of users/lendees. The results will be synthesized in a final report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Nov 2023 16:44:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2292798</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding Transit User Experience and Expectations in Under-served Communities</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2292690</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wait times for transit have been shown by researchers, and in practice, to be onerous for riders. Though transit agencies invest in capital improvements such as bus stop amenities, the consensus view is that such capital investments do little to improve how people experience wait time at bus stops. Different cohorts of the population – such as women, older adults, children who travel independently on transit, people with disabilities, and people of color – may experience the same bus stop differently based on when they are waiting for a bus. This temporal aspect may be related to the time of day (e.g., late morning versus late evening), might be seasonal (e.g., summer versus winter), or linked to days with extreme weather (e.g., >80 F or below <40 F). We ask: which capital improvements have the biggest return on investment at bus stops that might reduce the negative experience of waiting for transit?

Methodologically, by relying on video/phone-based interviews with transit experts across the United States, we are interested in learning agency-side responses to effective investments at bus stops, including constraints that agencies face. We will also conduct a series of focus groups and/or interviews with bus riders, particularly those in low-income and under-served communities, to hear transit experiences and learn about the specific needs of riders. This work will be conducted in the Denver region in coordination with the Regional Transportation District. Based on this body of evidence, we will design and implement a national-wide survey, built on a choice-experiment framework, that will test tradeoffs between operational improvements (e.g., increasing frequency), various types of bus top investments (e.g., shelters, benches, ADA-compliant ramps, real time information, lighting, safety call buttons, cameras, among others), and other programmatic investments (e.g., fare-free transit). We will vary the weather attributes in the choice set to seek better insights from riders who experience daily and seasonal variations differently than automobile travelers. This approach will control respondents’ preference ordering as well as internal contradictory among preferences. By asking respondents to evaluate trade-offs, the results will better speak to preferences as well as facilitate a weighted economic benefit analysis where we can score preferences based on dollars spent. By trying to decipher how various investments impact the value of wait time, we will create a generalizable set of findings that can apply across various situations and contexts. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 16:41:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2292690</guid>
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