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    <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
    <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://rip.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Research in Progress (RIP)</title>
      <url>https://rip.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle-RIP.jpg</url>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Enabling Mobility of Emergency Medical Service through Connected and Automated Vehicle Preemption</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2669655</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emergency Medical Service (EMS) vehicles, typically ambulances, have time-critical transportation roles when responding to traffic incidents by bringing first medical responders and equipment from their bases to the incident scenes, and transferring injured persons from the scenes to medical facilities. Addressing the mobility of EMS vehicles supports but public health and safety goals, as well as those related to efficient mobility.     

The traditional way for EMS vehicles to reach their destinations faster is to use audible sirens to alert drivers of their presence. Upon hearing an EMS vehicle’s siren, drivers must yield the right of way to facilitate its passage. Previous research on traffic signal preemption for EMS vehicles has demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing delays at signalized intersections. With the advent of Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) technology, vehicles can now communicate directly with each other. EMS vehicles equipped as CAVs could leverage vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication technology to transmit warning messages to the CAVs downstream along their routes, beyond the range of audible sirens. The CAVs that have received these messages can proactively move aside to create a clear lane for the EMS vehicle to pass. This “CAV preemption” concept has the potential to significantly improve EMS mobility, resulting in faster response times, earlier on-scene medical aid, and quicker patient transfer to hospitals. Furthermore, the proposed CAV preemption will accelerate incident clearance and the restoration of highway capacity.  

This research is based on an envisioned CAV preemption system in which an EMS vehicle broadcasts its impending arrival to downstream CAVs, while simultaneously sounding its siren and emitting high-intensity strobe light to request signal preemptions. All CAVs receiving this V2V message will automatically move to the right lane, while only a portion of the non-CAV drivers will comply and respond to the siren. The efficiency of this system depends the following factors: (1) The broadcast range of the warning messages to CAVs, (2) The market penetration rate of CAVs, (3) The move-aside compliance rate of non-CAV drivers, (4) The level of traffic congestion.  

This research will simulate and quantify the efficiency of the proposed CAV preemption system under varying operating conditions. An agent-based simulation model of the El Paso highway network will be used to assess the EMS vehicle’s travel time. Mobility efficiency is defined as the percentage reduction in the average travel time. The travel times of EMS vehicles from their bases (selected fire stations that house ambulances) to multiple incident sites (selected highway locations) will be simulated, extracted, and analyzed. The analyses will assess the impacts of broadcast range, CAV market penetration, non-CAV compliance rate, and traffic volume.   ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Feb 2026 16:34:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2669655</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Linked Data to Explore the Accuracy of Crash Reported Injuries of Minors</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2640191</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Police crash reports often provide the first record of injury severity for minors involved in motor vehicle crashes, yet these reports may not always match clinical assessments. Differences between the reported level of injury and the medically confirmed level can influence emergency response decisions and limit the usefulness of crash databases for safety analysis. This project will link crash data from the Connecticut Crash Data Repository with hospital discharge and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) datasets to compare police reported injury codes with medically derived measures. The analysis will document where inconsistencies occur and examine how factors such as crash location, agency type, passenger protection, and driver behavior relate to reporting accuracy.

The linked dataset will cover crashes involving minors from 2015 through 2024 and will support regression based evaluations of injury classification accuracy across multiple contexts. By identifying sources of error, the study will help improve data quality and support better training and data collection procedures for law enforcement and partner agencies. The resulting insights will strengthen statewide injury surveillance systems and guide the development of safety strategies for children and adolescents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Dec 2025 13:50:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2640191</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Pre-Hospital Hemorrhage Management and Mortality in U.S. Motor Vehicle Crashes




</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2570614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With optimal emergency medical service (EMS) and trauma care it has been estimated that 20 percent of overall trauma deaths in the United States are preventable. Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), it is estimated that 40 percent of motor vehicle fatality victims were alive at the scene, indicating an opportunity to save lives through enhanced pre-hospital care interventions. Specifically, it is hypothesized that administering pre-hospital blood products to patients experiencing hemorrhagic shock can reduce motor vehicle crash mortality. While the administration of pre-hospital blood products has been shown in military applications to substantially reduce morbidity and mortality, less is known about the potential impact of pre-hospital blood products in U.S. motor vehicle trauma. 

Pre-hospital blood programs represent an invaluable resuscitation capability that directly addresses hemorrhagic shock and mitigates subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. With wider use, this intervention has the potential to reduce mortality among motor vehicle crash victims. Research is needed to develop a better understanding of the potential impact of pre-hospital blood products in U.S. motor vehicle trauma.

The objectives of this research are to: (1) Assess pre-hospital hemorrhage management and mortality in U.S. motor vehicle crashes. (2) Develop recommendations that state highway safety offices (SHSOs) and other stakeholders can use to reduce pre-hospital mortality through enhanced trauma response activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 19:17:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2570614</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring Post-Crash Care with EMS Response to Impaired Driving Crashes in North Dakota</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2553706</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alcohol- and drug-impaired driving leads to severe crashes in North Dakota, yet police crash reports lack critical EMS response and patient care data. This study leverages NEMSIS data to assess EMS response times, treatment quality, and patient outcomes for impaired driving crashes. Using statistical analysis, time-series trends, and spatial mapping, the research identifies delays, care disparities, and high-risk locations. Findings will inform EMS resource allocation and improve post-crash care strategies, aligning with USDOT’s safety goals through advanced analytics that will transform foundational knowledge in this space.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 15:13:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2553706</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Telemedicine Adoption Before, During, and After COVID-19: The Role of Socioeconomic and Built Environment Variables</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2519198</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this research, the research team focuses their investigation on the telemedicine adoption preferences of patients/consumers. This comprehensive approach contributes to advancing the existing body of knowledge in five distinct ways. First, the team uses rigorous multivariate econometric models that accommodate multiple sociodemographic and built environment (BE) variables at once rather than simple bivariate correlations of determinant factors with telemedicine adoption. Second, the framework is structured to discern the shifts in the effects of the factors affecting telemedicine adoption between the before- and after-COVID periods. This helps gain a deeper understanding of how socioeconomic and BE variables influenced telemedicine adoption before the pandemic and how the willingness of different segments of society to engage in telemedicine shifted as a result of the pandemic. Third, proposed multivariate model system recognizes that unobserved individual factors (such as technology savviness) that elevate telemedicine adoption before the pandemic may also affect adoption during the pandemic, and collectively influence an individual’s intention to use telemedicine in the post-pandemic period. Not accounting for such intra-individual correlation effects due to unobserved individual-level factors variables will, in general, provide biased estimates of the evolution pattern of telemedicine adoption over time. In this study, the longitudinal data comprises responses from the same individuals across three specific time periods, offering a unique advantage in quantifying the causal effect of the pandemic on telemedicine use. Fourth, the study explores the reasons for using or not using telemedicine in the after-COVID period from the patient’s viewpoint. The team conducts a consumer-focused analysis that provides unique insights into the motivations, preferences, and concerns of different patient segments regarding telemedicine. Specifically, in the after-COVID period, for telemedicine adopters, the team jointly models the reasons for adoption using multivariate binary probit models. Similarly, in the after-COVID period, for non-adopters, the team uses multivariate binary probit models to jointly analyze cited reasons for not adopting telehealth. This can inform healthcare providers, policymakers, and other stakeholders seeking to sustain telemedicine adoption post-COVID. Fifth, the study is the first that the team is aware of in the travel behavior literature that focuses on telemedicine adoption. Earlier studies related to virtual participations have investigated tele-adoption in the context of work, grocery shopping, and non-grocery shopping, but have not considered telemedicine adoption. However, telemedicine adoption can also have transportation ramifications, just as virtual participation in other types of activities can (including individuals potentially appropriating the freed-up time for pursuing other activities). In this regard, the team hopes that their study will open up additional research in studying the travel implications of tele-participation in medical-related activities. This should be of particular interest in the context of medical accessibility for the increasingly aging population of many countries, including the United States.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 08 Mar 2025 11:26:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2519198</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Post-Crash Care Accessibility of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to Elderly Groups in Rural Areas</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2509049</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rural areas face unique challenges following crashes due to longer emergency medical service (EMS) response times and limited access to advanced healthcare facilities. These delays can put the lives of elderly crash victims at greater risk, making timely care critical to their survival. Particularly for aging populations are particularly susceptible to severe injuries. As an individual’s age, physical fragility worsens the severity of injuries sustained in crashes. This makes it essential to ensure that older adults receive prompt and reliable post-crash care to improve their chances of survival. Despite ongoing efforts to improve transportation safety, gaps remain in understanding how post-crash care impacts survival and how EMS infrastructure can be optimized to reduce fatalities in rural settings. This research aims to address these critical gaps, focusing on survival analysis and EMS location optimization to enhance post-crash care accessibility. Post-crash care plays a vital role in saving lives and is a key focus of the Safe System Approach embraced by the USDOT to prevent fatalities and severe injuries. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Feb 2025 17:16:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2509049</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Effect of Heat Vulnerability on Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Incidents in Austin, Texas</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2459120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Extreme heat exposure and sensitivity have been a growing concern in urban regions as the effects of extreme heat pose a threat to public health, the water supply, and the infrastructure. Heat-related illnesses demand an immediate Emergency Medical Service (EMS) response since they might result in death or serious disability if not treated quickly. Despite increased concerns about urban heat waves and relevant health issues, a limited amount of research has investigated the effects of heat vulnerability on heat-related illnesses. This study explores the geographical distribution of heat vulnerability in the city of Austin and Travis County areas of Texas and identifies neighborhoods with a high degree of heat vulnerability and restricted EMS accessibility. The research team conducted negative binomial regressions to investigate the effects of heat vulnerability on heat-related EMS incidents. Heat-related EMS calls have increased in neighborhoods with more impervious surfaces, Hispanics, those receiving social benefits, people living alone, and the elderly. Higher urban capacity, including efficient road networks, water areas, and green spaces, is likely to reduce heat-related EMS incidents. This study provides data-driven evidence to help planners prioritize vulnerable locations and concentrate local efforts on addressing heat-related health concerns. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 23 Nov 2024 11:03:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2459120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Trauma Triage Guidelines Demonstration Project</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2444690</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This new contract will provide support for, and measure the process and outcomes of, a demonstration project wherein State, tribal, territorial, and local emergency medical service (EMS) systems will receive funding to implement the newest revision (2021) of the Field Trauma Triage Guidelines. These guidelines improve decision-making in both treatment and transport for injured patients in the field, including motor vehicle crash victims.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Oct 2024 15:29:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2444690</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accessibility Assessment of Elderly Groups to Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in Rural Areas</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2265835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research has two main objectives: first, the accessibility of rural disadvantaged populations, particularly aging residents, to emergency medical services (EMS) and identifying critical locations, and second, to evaluate the post-crash care accessibility of the aging population in the rural area.
The elderly population is overrepresented in traffic fatalities. This over-representation of the older population in fatal and severe injury crashes compared to younger adults may be due, in part, to an age-related diminished ability to select gaps in oncoming traffic. Moreover, increased fragility with age may exacerbate injury severity. It is thus imperative to ensure when older adults are involved in a crash, they have immediate access to post-crash care, i.e., emergency first responders need to quickly locate them, stabilize their injury, and transport them to medical facilities. Notably, post-crash care is one of the five components of the safe system approach adopted by the USDOT to eliminate fatal and severe crashes. Understanding the essential locations in rural areas with low accessibility to EMS will provide valuable information that can address the growing challenges associated with the accessibility of disadvantaged populations in rural communities. This research project will identify critical problems and propose innovative solutions to address accessibility, particularly focusing on post-crash care as one of the US DOT priorities and goals.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Oct 2023 16:05:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2265835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cataloging and Increasing Knowledge About Emergency Medical Services Responses</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2043467</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emergency medical services (EMS) are a vital part of saving lives and mitigating vehicle-related crash injuries. This project will create a guide to EMS programs and models currently used and evidence of their effectiveness in safely providing EMS with a focus on motor vehicle crash (MVC) response. Similar to a State of Knowledge, this guide will synthesize what is known about safely and efficiently providing EMS after a crash.
More specifically, this project will (1) synthesize the literature on important factors in effective EMS related to MVCs, (2) develop a Program Guide describing effective programs to improve the safety of EMS operations for the public and for EMS providers when responding to an MVC, and (3) create a rating scale and protocol for including evidence of effectiveness and new programs in the Program Guide. The outcomes will be presented in a final report and corresponding summary note.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:25:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2043467</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Method to Link Crash, Emergency Medical Service, and Trauma Registry Data</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/2001814</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Aug 2022 14:10:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/2001814</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Method to Link Crash, Emergency Medical Service, and Trauma Registry Data
</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[NCHRP Web-Only Document 302: Development of a Comprehensive Approach for Serious Traffic Crash Injury Measurement and Reporting Systems, provides a roadmap for developing comprehensive crash-related data linkage systems. Newer versions of related systems have since been released, additional research has been conducted, and technological developments have advanced capabilities in this area. It is now possible to use a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) to perform deterministic linkages between two records in emergency medical service (EMS) and trauma registry databases. UUID was added to the National EMS Information System (NEMSIS) Version 3.5 and is starting to roll out to states. NEMSIS worked with the American College of Surgeons (ACS) to get UUID included as a data element on trauma records in order to allow for a direct link between EMS and trauma records. Applying this method to link crash records with EMS, trauma registries, and other types of data will increase the availability of these linkages, allowing for advancements in traffic safety data analysis, which, in turn, will support the development of more effective and comprehensive traffic safety programs. 
The objective of this project is to develop, validate, and promote a scalable approach to use UUID to link person-level traffic crash data records with EMS and trauma data records for each crash event.
 ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 May 2022 16:45:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1957062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Regional Impacts of Telemobility Options:  Capitalizing on the Two-Way Relationship Between Infrastructure Investments and Travel Demand  </title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1845536</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Communications technologies and e-commerce have a profound effects on travel, on the delivery of goods and services, and consequently, on the use of transportation infrastructure.  Experiences acquired as a result of travel restrictions or health concerns, e.g., working remotely, are likely to accelerate some of these trends.  Furthermore, widespread deployment of (innovative) services as a result of Covid-19, e.g., telehealth, may, fundamentally, alter travel patterns of many population segments.  Changing travel behaviors may have significant long-term implications on the tens of billions of dollars that are invested each year to keep highways, rail lines, ports, airports, public transit systems, and other infrastructure in a state of good repair.  For example, as e-commerce accelerates, streets in residential neighborhoods support increasing loads associated with delivery vehicles, and, in turn, deteriorate more quickly and require additional investments to provide the same level of service.  Perhaps more importantly, as we are redesigning physical and virtual supply chains for delivery of goods and services, there are tremendous opportunities to guide investments in transportation infrastructure that are going to have effects on travel behavior with both immediate and lasting positive economic, social, and environmental consequences.  Examples of significant short-term effects of infrastructure investments include increasing employment.  Long-term effects include opportunities to improve the efficiency, level-of-service, reliability, resilience of these supply chains.  The project objectives are, therefore, to develop a framework to evaluate the regional life-cycle and supply-chain consequences of investments in design, construction, and management of transportation infrastructure, and to validate it by considering a variety of scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Apr 2021 19:16:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1845536</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impacts of Connected Vehicles and Automated Vehicles on State and Local Transportation Agencies--Task-Order Support. Impacts of Connected, Automated Vehicle Technologies on Traffic Incident Management Response</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1491278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A revolution in vehicle technology is taking place, led by the private sector. Vehicles with connected technologies are on the roads today, and, every year, technology is taking over a larger portion of the driving task. Auto and technology companies have been designing these technologies for many years. The public sector and academia have gotten involved more recently. A major benefit of these connected, automated vehicle technologies will be improved traffic safety but crashes will still occur for the foreseeable future.
 
The roles of emergency responders and their processes are just beginning to adapt to these new technologies. Even before we reach the implementation of fully automated vehicles, these technologies will affect incident response and questions abound. What will happen when a crash occurs? Will responders need to respond differently? Will the severity of crashes increase because when the technology fails, it could fail catastrophically? Will new players be involved in incident response? How will liability or responsibility be assigned? Are there new or changing risks to responders?
 
In addition, will this new technology provide more data to the responders so that the response activities will change? For example, will the responders have information related to the crash severity, airbag deployment, number of occupants, fuel spills, etc. so that responders can be better prepared prior to arriving at the scene. While incidents vary widely and the specific characteristics will dictate what responses are needed, this project is principally concerned with primary emergency responders, including law enforcement, fire departments, emergency medical services, safety service patrols, towing and recovery specialists, and hazardous materials responders.
 
The objective of this research is to develop guidance to prepare emergency responders for the deployment of connected, automated vehicle technologies. This guidance will include (1) a summary of information on connected, automated vehicle technologies and their impact on incidents and incident response that will be useful to a broad range of emergency responders; (2) effective practices (e.g., strategies, processes, procedures, standards) that address the needs of emergency responders; and (3) recommendations for ongoing structures to incorporate emergency responder perspectives into the development of connected, automated vehicle technologies.
 
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Dec 2017 20:22:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1491278</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Through the Use of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Technologies</title>
      <link>https://rip.trb.org/View/1474442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emergency Medical Services (EMS) operations can greatly benefit from the integration of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies into the transportation system's infrastructure and the emergency vehicles themselves. From simple emergency notification systems to sophisticated dynamic routing algorithms for expedited incident response, ITS provides enormous capabilities to improve the efficiency of EMS operations and optimize the use of healthcare resources. The expected benefits from this synergy are tremendous for the healthcare sector, the transportation sector, and the public. These include better information flows between emergency response agencies, improved incident response time, enhanced efficiency and productivity of healthcare delivery, reduced congestion and environmental impacts of traffic, improved mobility and safety for all transportation users, and enhanced customer satisfaction.  This research project will investigate needs and opportunities associated with the use of ITS as a tool for improving healthcare delivery practices during routine as well as emergency operations. More specifically the study will examine in depth ITS technologies and transportation management strategies to: 1) optimize deployment of healthcare resources through optimal positioning of first responders within the transportation grid and implementation of urgency algorithms to facilitate Computer-Aided Dispatching (CAD) of ambulances; 2) mitigate non-recurrent incident induced congestion and its impacts on EMS responders and the general public. Emphasis will be placed on the use of ITS systems capable of collecting, managing, and utilizing real time data to facilitate quick and efficient incident clearance and service restoration while minimizing the risk of secondary crashes. Use of active traffic management strategies (such as temporary shoulder lanes) and traffic signal preemption to allow quick access of first responders to the emergency site and/or the treatment facility will be also considered; and 3) optimize the use of healthcare resources to improve surge capactiy under routine operations as well as manmade, natural, or public health disasters. ITS technologies can be used to communicate information about available resources at medical facilities and guide emergency vehicles through the transportation network using dynamic route planning and diversion algorithms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jul 2017 01:01:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://rip.trb.org/View/1474442</guid>
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